Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIO150 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism

A

Buildup and breakdown of nutrients within a cell; these chemical reactions provide energy and create substances that sustain life Catabolism + Anabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaks down complex molecules; provides energy and building blocks for anabolism; exergonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Anabolism

A

Uses energy and building blocks to build complex molecules; endergonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Metabolic pathways

A

Sequences of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell; pathways are determined by enzymes which are encoded by genes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Collision Theory

A

Theory that chemical reactions occur when atoms, ions, and molecules collide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Activation energy

A

The collision energy required for a chemical reaction to occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Reaction Rate

A

the frequency of collisions containing enough energy to bring about a reaction; can be increased by enzymes or by increasing temperature, pressure, or concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Catalysts

A

substances that speed up chemical reactions without being altered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Enzymes

A

biological catalysts; enzymes act on a specific substrate and lower the activation energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Substrate

A

contacts the enzyme’s active site to form an enzyme-substrate complex; enzymes are unchanged here and can react with other substrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Enzymes have _________ for particular substrates

A

specificity; e.g. enzymes that can hydrolyze starch can not hydrolyze cellulose. Key and lock idea.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Turnover number

A

The number of substrate molecules an enzymes converts to a product per second (generally 1-10,000 and as high as 500,00

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Names of enzymes usually end in _____ and are grouped based on ____________.

A

-ase; the reaction they catalyze

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Oxidoreductase

A

Type of enzyme; Oxidation-reduction reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Transferase

A

Type of enzyme; transfer functional groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hydrolase

A

Type of enzyme; hydrolysis (a chemical reaction in which water is used to break down a compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Lyase

A

Type of enzyme; removal of atoms without hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Isomerase

A

Type of enzyme; rearrangement of atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ligase

A

Type of enzyme; joining of molecules; uses ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Components of Enzymes

A

Apoenzyme: protein portion Cofactor: nonprotein component e.g. Mg++; Coenzyme: organic cofactor e.g. folic acid, NAD, NADP, vitamin B complex Holoenzyme: apoenzyme plus cofactor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Apoenzyme

A

Component of an enzyme: protein portion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cofactor

A

Component of an enzyme; nonprotein component e.g. Mg++; Coenzyme: organic cofactor e.g. folic acid, NAD, NADP, vitamin B complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Holoenzyme

A

Component of an enzyme: Apoenzyme plus cofactor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Assist Enzymes (Coenzyme)

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+), Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), Coenzyme A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Factors that influence enzyme activity
Temperature, pH-, Substrate concentration, inhibitors, high temperature and extreme pH denature proteins; if the concentration of substrate is high (saturation), the enzyme catalyzes at its maximum rate
26
Competitive inhibitors
Fill the active site of an enzyme and compete with the substrate (think of isomers)
27
Noncompetitive inhibitors
interact with one another part of the enzyme (allosteric site) rather than the active site in a process called allosteric inhibition
28
Allosteric site
part of an enzyme; where non-competitive inhibitors attach
29
Feedback Inhibition
End-product of a reaction allosterically inhibits enzymes from earlier in the pathway (non-competitive inhibition) an example is cyanide which combines dehydrogenase with the cytochrome enzymes responsible for the transfer of hydrogen atoms during cellular respiration
30
Ribozymes
RNA that function as catalysts by cutting and splicing RNA
31
Oxidation
removal of electrons
32
Reduction
gain of electrons
33
Redox reaction
an oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction
34
ATP is generated by the __________ of ____ with the input of energy
phosphorylation; ADP; ATP is generated when high-energy PO4- added to ADP generates ATP
35
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Electrons are transferred from one electron carrier to another along an electron transport chain (system) on a membrane that releases energy to generate ATP
36
Photophosphorylation
Occurs only in light-trapping photosynthetic cells; light energy is converted to ATP when the transfer of electrons (oxidation) from chlorophyll pass through a system of carrier molecules
37
Carbohydrate Catabolism
The breakdown of carbohydrates to release energy: Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transfer chain (system)
38
Glycolysis
The oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid produces ATP, and NADH Preparatory Stage: 2 ATP are used Glucose is split to form two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Energy conserving stage: The two glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate molecules are oxidized to 2 pyruvic acid molecules 4 ATP are produced 2 NADH Glucose + 2ATP + 2ADP + 2PO4- + 2NAD+ --\> 2 pyruvic acid + 4ATP + 2NADH + 2H+ Overall net gain of two molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose oxidized
39
Cellular Respiration
Oxidation of molecules liberates electrons to operate an electron transport chain Final electron acceptor comes from outside the cell and is inorganic ATP is generated by oxidative phosphorylation
40
Aerobic Respiration
Energy production with oxygen; the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is molecular Oxygen (O2)
41
Decarboxylation
loss of CO2
42
Krebs Cycle
Pyruvic acid (from glycolysis) is oxidized and decarboxylation (loss of CO2) occurs The resulting two-carbon compound attaches to coenzyme A, forming acetyl CoA and NADH Oxidation of acetyl CoA produces NADH, FADH2, and ATP and liberates CO2 as waste
43
Electron transport chain (system)
Occurs in the plasma membrane of prokaryotes; inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes Series of carrier molecules (flavoproteins, cytochromes, and ubiquinones) are oxidized and reduced as electrons are passed down the chain Energy released is used to produce ATP by chemiosmosis
44
Carbohydrate Catabolism
Each NADH can be oxidized in the electron transport chain to produce 3 molecules of ATP Each FADH2 can produce 2 molecules of ATP
45
Fermentation
Releases energy from the oxidation of organic molecules Does not require oxygen Does not use Krebs cycle or ETC Uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor Produces only small amounts of ATP
46
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Produces lactic acid -homolactic fermentation: produces lactic acid only -heterolactic fermentation: produces lactic acid and other compounds Glucose is oxidized to pyruvic acid, which is then reduced by NADH
47
Alcohol fermentation
Produces ethanol + CO2 Glucose is oxidized to pyruvic acid; pyruvic acid is converted to acetaldehyde to ethanol
48
Biochemical Tests and Bacterial Identification
Biochemical tests identify bacteria by detecting enzymes (e.g. those involved in decarboxylation and dehydrogenation)
49
Fermentation test
Bacteria that catabolize carbohydrate or protein produce acid, causing the pH indicator to change color
50
Oxidase test
identifies bacteria that have cytochrome oxidase (e.g. pseudomonas)
51
Light-dependent (light) reactions
Conversion of light energy into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH)
52
Light-independent (dark) reactions
ATP and NADPH are use dto reduce CO2 to sugar (carbon fixation) via the Calvin-Benson Cycle
53
Calvin-Benson Cycle
?
54
Phototrophs
use light energy (like chlorophyll)
55
Photoautotrophs
use energy in the Calbin-Benson cycle to fix CO2 to sugar
56
Oxygenic photoautotrophs
produces O2
57
Anoxygenic photoautotrophs
does not produce O2
58
Chemoautotrophs
Use energy from inorganic chemicals, CO2 as a carbon source Energy is used in the Calvin-Benson cycle to fix CO2
59
Chemoheterotrophs
Use energy and carbon from organic materials Medically and economically important
60
What is the rate of reaction and which factors it depends on?
The frequency of collisions containing enough energy to bring about a reaction - It can be increased by enzymes, or an increase in temperature, pressure, or concentration
61
What is a catalyst?
A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being altered
62
Enzymes are ________ catalysts.
biological
63
Name of an enzyme always ends with \_\_\_\_\_\_
-ase
64
Substrates _______ with an enzyme's __________ to form an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. The substrate is ______ and ______ into \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which are then released from an the enzyme.
connect/contact; active site; enzyme substrate complex transformed; rearranged; products
65
What is turnover number of enzyme?
The number of substrate molecules an enzyme converts to a product per second
66
What are the components of an enzyme?
Assist enzymes; electron carriers - NAD+ NADP+ FAD Coenzyme A
67
What are the factors that affect enzymes and how?
Temperature - raised can increase production, too high can denature proteins; pH - too high or too low can denature proteins of enzymes Substrate concentration - not enough substrates can limit production while too many can max out production
68
What are metabolic pathways?
Sequence of chemical reactions undergone by a compound or class of compounds in a living organism
69
What is competitive inhibition and what is noncompetitive inhibition?
Competitive inhibition occurs when substrates which act like isomers compete with other substrates by taking their place on the active sites on enzymes so that the other substrates cannot connect and create products necessary for metabolic processes Noncompetitive inhibition is when a substrate attaches to an enzyme's allosteric site but does not interrupt or interfere with other substrates attaching to active sites and creating necessary products
70
Explain the terms oxidation and reduction.
Oxidation occurs when energy production results in the removal of an electron Reduction occurs when energy production results in the gain of electron
71
What is phosphorylation?
The addition of a phosphate group (po4)3- to a molecule
72
What are the two important steps in glycolysis
1) Preparatory Stage -2 ATP are used -Glucose is split to form two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate 2) Energy-conserving stage -The two glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate molecules are oxidized to 2 pyruvic acid molecules -4ATP are produced -2 NADH are produced
73
Draw outline of glycolysis. Write all the names of the products and show where the ATP are formed.
[doodle]
74
The glucose is converted into ___ molecules of ______ in glycolysis.
two; pyruvic acid
75
Pyruvic acid is converted into _______ before entering in the _______ cycle.
acetyl CoA; Kreb's
76
After the end of cellular respiration _____ glucose molecule produces a total of _____ ATP molecules (net gain).
1; 38
77
At the end of cellular respiration ____ and ____ is produced.
CO2; water
78
Draw the outline of Kreb's Cycle/Citric Acid cycle. Include all the steps
[doodle]
79
The substrate level phosphorylation occurs in _____ and _____ cycles.
Glycolysis; Kreb's
80
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in _________ which is present in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Electron transport chain; plasma membrane
81
In ________ lactic acid, alcohol, propionic acid, vinegar, and ascorbic acid are produced.
Fermentation
82
Biochemical tests identify bacteria by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Detecting enzymes
83
Photosynthesis is the process of conversion of ________ energy into ______ energy. It is used by many bacteria and plants.
light; chemical
84
What is the difference between autotroph and heterotroph?
An autotroph is an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide. A heterotroph is an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide.

BIO150 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions