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BIO150 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism

A

Buildup and breakdown of nutrients within a cell; these chemical reactions provide energy and create substances that sustain life Catabolism + Anabolism

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2
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaks down complex molecules; provides energy and building blocks for anabolism; exergonic

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3
Q

Anabolism

A

Uses energy and building blocks to build complex molecules; endergonic

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4
Q

Metabolic pathways

A

Sequences of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell; pathways are determined by enzymes which are encoded by genes.

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5
Q

Collision Theory

A

Theory that chemical reactions occur when atoms, ions, and molecules collide

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6
Q

Activation energy

A

The collision energy required for a chemical reaction to occur

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7
Q

Reaction Rate

A

the frequency of collisions containing enough energy to bring about a reaction; can be increased by enzymes or by increasing temperature, pressure, or concentration

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8
Q

Catalysts

A

substances that speed up chemical reactions without being altered

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9
Q

Enzymes

A

biological catalysts; enzymes act on a specific substrate and lower the activation energy

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10
Q

Substrate

A

contacts the enzyme’s active site to form an enzyme-substrate complex; enzymes are unchanged here and can react with other substrates

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11
Q

Enzymes have _________ for particular substrates

A

specificity; e.g. enzymes that can hydrolyze starch can not hydrolyze cellulose. Key and lock idea.

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12
Q

Turnover number

A

The number of substrate molecules an enzymes converts to a product per second (generally 1-10,000 and as high as 500,00

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13
Q

Names of enzymes usually end in _____ and are grouped based on ____________.

A

-ase; the reaction they catalyze

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14
Q

Oxidoreductase

A

Type of enzyme; Oxidation-reduction reactions

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15
Q

Transferase

A

Type of enzyme; transfer functional groups

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16
Q

Hydrolase

A

Type of enzyme; hydrolysis (a chemical reaction in which water is used to break down a compound

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17
Q

Lyase

A

Type of enzyme; removal of atoms without hydrolysis

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18
Q

Isomerase

A

Type of enzyme; rearrangement of atoms

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19
Q

Ligase

A

Type of enzyme; joining of molecules; uses ATP

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20
Q

Components of Enzymes

A

Apoenzyme: protein portion Cofactor: nonprotein component e.g. Mg++; Coenzyme: organic cofactor e.g. folic acid, NAD, NADP, vitamin B complex Holoenzyme: apoenzyme plus cofactor

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21
Q

Apoenzyme

A

Component of an enzyme: protein portion

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22
Q

Cofactor

A

Component of an enzyme; nonprotein component e.g. Mg++; Coenzyme: organic cofactor e.g. folic acid, NAD, NADP, vitamin B complex

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23
Q

Holoenzyme

A

Component of an enzyme: Apoenzyme plus cofactor

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24
Q

Assist Enzymes (Coenzyme)

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+), Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), Coenzyme A

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25
Q

Factors that influence enzyme activity

A

Temperature, pH-, Substrate concentration, inhibitors, high temperature and extreme pH denature proteins; if the concentration of substrate is high (saturation), the enzyme catalyzes at its maximum rate

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26
Q

Competitive inhibitors

A

Fill the active site of an enzyme and compete with the substrate (think of isomers)

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27
Q

Noncompetitive inhibitors

A

interact with one another part of the enzyme (allosteric site) rather than the active site in a process called allosteric inhibition

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28
Q

Allosteric site

A

part of an enzyme; where non-competitive inhibitors attach

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29
Q

Feedback Inhibition

A

End-product of a reaction allosterically inhibits enzymes from earlier in the pathway (non-competitive inhibition) an example is cyanide which combines dehydrogenase with the cytochrome enzymes responsible for the transfer of hydrogen atoms during cellular respiration

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30
Q

Ribozymes

A

RNA that function as catalysts by cutting and splicing RNA

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31
Q

Oxidation

A

removal of electrons

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32
Q

Reduction

A

gain of electrons

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33
Q

Redox reaction

A

an oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction

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34
Q

ATP is generated by the __________ of ____ with the input of energy

A

phosphorylation; ADP; ATP is generated when high-energy PO4- added to ADP generates ATP

35
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Electrons are transferred from one electron carrier to another along an electron transport chain (system) on a membrane that releases energy to generate ATP

36
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

Occurs only in light-trapping photosynthetic cells; light energy is converted to ATP when the transfer of electrons (oxidation) from chlorophyll pass through a system of carrier molecules

37
Q

Carbohydrate Catabolism

A

The breakdown of carbohydrates to release energy: Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transfer chain (system)

38
Q

Glycolysis

A

The oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid produces ATP, and NADH Preparatory Stage: 2 ATP are used Glucose is split to form two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Energy conserving stage: The two glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate molecules are oxidized to 2 pyruvic acid molecules 4 ATP are produced 2 NADH Glucose + 2ATP + 2ADP + 2PO4- + 2NAD+ –> 2 pyruvic acid + 4ATP + 2NADH + 2H+ Overall net gain of two molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose oxidized

39
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Oxidation of molecules liberates electrons to operate an electron transport chain Final electron acceptor comes from outside the cell and is inorganic ATP is generated by oxidative phosphorylation

40
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

Energy production with oxygen; the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is molecular Oxygen (O2)

41
Q

Decarboxylation

A

loss of CO2

42
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

Pyruvic acid (from glycolysis) is oxidized and decarboxylation (loss of CO2) occurs The resulting two-carbon compound attaches to coenzyme A, forming acetyl CoA and NADH Oxidation of acetyl CoA produces NADH, FADH2, and ATP and liberates CO2 as waste

43
Q

Electron transport chain (system)

A

Occurs in the plasma membrane of prokaryotes; inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes Series of carrier molecules (flavoproteins, cytochromes, and ubiquinones) are oxidized and reduced as electrons are passed down the chain Energy released is used to produce ATP by chemiosmosis

44
Q

Carbohydrate Catabolism

A

Each NADH can be oxidized in the electron transport chain to produce 3 molecules of ATP Each FADH2 can produce 2 molecules of ATP

45
Q

Fermentation

A

Releases energy from the oxidation of organic molecules Does not require oxygen Does not use Krebs cycle or ETC Uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor Produces only small amounts of ATP

46
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A

Produces lactic acid -homolactic fermentation: produces lactic acid only -heterolactic fermentation: produces lactic acid and other compounds Glucose is oxidized to pyruvic acid, which is then reduced by NADH

47
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A

Produces ethanol + CO2 Glucose is oxidized to pyruvic acid; pyruvic acid is converted to acetaldehyde to ethanol

48
Q

Biochemical Tests and Bacterial Identification

A

Biochemical tests identify bacteria by detecting enzymes (e.g. those involved in decarboxylation and dehydrogenation)

49
Q

Fermentation test

A

Bacteria that catabolize carbohydrate or protein produce acid, causing the pH indicator to change color

50
Q

Oxidase test

A

identifies bacteria that have cytochrome oxidase (e.g. pseudomonas)

51
Q

Light-dependent (light) reactions

A

Conversion of light energy into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH)

52
Q

Light-independent (dark) reactions

A

ATP and NADPH are use dto reduce CO2 to sugar (carbon fixation) via the Calvin-Benson Cycle

53
Q

Calvin-Benson Cycle

A

?

54
Q

Phototrophs

A

use light energy (like chlorophyll)

55
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

use energy in the Calbin-Benson cycle to fix CO2 to sugar

56
Q

Oxygenic photoautotrophs

A

produces O2

57
Q

Anoxygenic photoautotrophs

A

does not produce O2

58
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

Use energy from inorganic chemicals, CO2 as a carbon source Energy is used in the Calvin-Benson cycle to fix CO2

59
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

Use energy and carbon from organic materials Medically and economically important

60
Q

What is the rate of reaction and which factors it depends on?

A

The frequency of collisions containing enough energy to bring about a reaction - It can be increased by enzymes, or an increase in temperature, pressure, or concentration

61
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being altered

62
Q

Enzymes are ________ catalysts.

A

biological

63
Q

Name of an enzyme always ends with ______

A

-ase

64
Q

Substrates _______ with an enzyme’s __________ to form an ____________. The substrate is ______ and ______ into ________, which are then released from an the enzyme.

A

connect/contact; active site; enzyme substrate complex transformed; rearranged; products

65
Q

What is turnover number of enzyme?

A

The number of substrate molecules an enzyme converts to a product per second

66
Q

What are the components of an enzyme?

A

Assist enzymes; electron carriers - NAD+ NADP+ FAD Coenzyme A

67
Q

What are the factors that affect enzymes and how?

A

Temperature - raised can increase production, too high can denature proteins; pH - too high or too low can denature proteins of enzymes Substrate concentration - not enough substrates can limit production while too many can max out production

68
Q

What are metabolic pathways?

A

Sequence of chemical reactions undergone by a compound or class of compounds in a living organism

69
Q

What is competitive inhibition and what is noncompetitive inhibition?

A

Competitive inhibition occurs when substrates which act like isomers compete with other substrates by taking their place on the active sites on enzymes so that the other substrates cannot connect and create products necessary for metabolic processes Noncompetitive inhibition is when a substrate attaches to an enzyme’s allosteric site but does not interrupt or interfere with other substrates attaching to active sites and creating necessary products

70
Q

Explain the terms oxidation and reduction.

A

Oxidation occurs when energy production results in the removal of an electron Reduction occurs when energy production results in the gain of electron

71
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

The addition of a phosphate group (po4)3- to a molecule

72
Q

What are the two important steps in glycolysis

A

1) Preparatory Stage -2 ATP are used -Glucose is split to form two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate 2) Energy-conserving stage -The two glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate molecules are oxidized to 2 pyruvic acid molecules -4ATP are produced -2 NADH are produced

73
Q

Draw outline of glycolysis. Write all the names of the products and show where the ATP are formed.

A

[doodle]

74
Q

The glucose is converted into ___ molecules of ______ in glycolysis.

A

two; pyruvic acid

75
Q

Pyruvic acid is converted into _______ before entering in the _______ cycle.

A

acetyl CoA; Kreb’s

76
Q

After the end of cellular respiration _____ glucose molecule produces a total of _____ ATP molecules (net gain).

A

1; 38

77
Q

At the end of cellular respiration ____ and ____ is produced.

A

CO2; water

78
Q

Draw the outline of Kreb’s Cycle/Citric Acid cycle. Include all the steps

A

[doodle]

79
Q

The substrate level phosphorylation occurs in _____ and _____ cycles.

A

Glycolysis; Kreb’s

80
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in _________ which is present in the _______.

A

Electron transport chain; plasma membrane

81
Q

In ________ lactic acid, alcohol, propionic acid, vinegar, and ascorbic acid are produced.

A

Fermentation

82
Q

Biochemical tests identify bacteria by ________.

A

Detecting enzymes

83
Q

Photosynthesis is the process of conversion of ________ energy into ______ energy. It is used by many bacteria and plants.

A

light; chemical

84
Q

What is the difference between autotroph and heterotroph?

A

An autotroph is an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide. A heterotroph is an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide.

BIO150 (15 decks)

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