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Anatomy + Physiology NURS > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

articulations (joints)

A

site where 2 or more bones meet

  • weakest parts of skeleton
  • mobility for skeleton
  • hold skeleton together
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2
Q

arthrology

A

study of joints

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3
Q

kinesiology

A

study of musulcoskeletal movement

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4
Q

fibrous joints

A
  • fibrous tissue
  • no joint cavity
  • most are synarthroses
  • 3 types: sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses
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5
Q

sutures

A
  • fibrous joint
  • between bones in skull
  • comprised of interlocking junctions filled with connective tissue fibers
  • bind bones tightly together but also good for GROWTH in children
  • synostoses: when the skull bones fuse in middle age
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6
Q

syndemoses

A

fibrous joint
bones are connected by ligament tissue
movement: immoveable to slightly variable
examples: radius and ulna, tibia and fibula

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7
Q

gomhoses

A
  • fibrous joint
  • peridontal ligament
  • only example in humans=peg-in-socket fibrous joint between a tooth and aveolar socket
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8
Q

cartilaginous joints

A
  • articulating bones united by cartilage
  • no joint cavity
  • two types: synchrondroses and symphyses
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9
Q

synchrondroses

A
  • bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones
  • synarthrotic
  • ex: epiphyseal plates of children, joint between first rib and sternum
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10
Q

symphyses

A
  • hyaline cartilage covers articulating surface of bone; fused to intervening pad of FIBROCARTILAGE
  • Amphiarthrotic joints for strength and limited flexibility
  • examples: intervertebral joints, pubic symphysis of pelvis
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11
Q

Bony joints

A
  • once separate, fused by asseous tissue
  • synarthrotic joints (no movement because fused)
  • ex: mandible (left and right at birth), sacrum
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12
Q

Synovial joints

A
  • articulating bones separated by fluid containing joint cavity
  • freely movable diarthroses
  • all limb joints, most joints of body
  • articular cartilage, synovial (joint) cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments
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13
Q

joint stability (synovial joints)

A

determined by

  1. articular surface shape (planes, degrees, ex: elbow)
  2. ligaments unite bones and prevent excessive or undesirable movements
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14
Q

Bursae

A
  • friction reduction in synovial joints
  • flattened, fibrous sacs with synovial fluid
  • common where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together
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15
Q

tendon sheath

A

-friction reduction in synovial joints
-elongated bursa that wraps completely around tendon
(bursa=flattened, fibrous sacs with synovial fluid)

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16
Q

two muscle attachments (synovial joints)

A

opposite ends of bone:

origin: attachment to immovable bone
insertion: attachment to movable bone

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17
Q

nonaxial movement

A

sliping (gliding) movements only

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18
Q

uniaxial movement

A

in one plane

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19
Q

biaxial movement

A

in two planes

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20
Q

multiaxial movement

A

in or around all three planes

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21
Q

Flexion

A
  • angular movement

- bending movement that decreases angle of joint

22
Q

extension

A
  • angular movement

- reverse of flexion; joint angle is increased

23
Q

dorsiflexion/plantarflexion

A
  • angular movement

- up and down movement of the foot

24
Q

abduction

A
  • angular movement

- movement away from midline

25
Q

adduction

A
  • angular movement

- movement toward midline

26
Q

circumduction

A
  • angular movement

- movement describes a cone in space

27
Q

Gliding movement/translation

A

one flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface
ex: intercarpal and intertarsal joints

28
Q

Rotational movement

A

turning of a bone around its own long axis

ex: hip and shoulder joints

29
Q

pronation

A

radius rotates over ulna (synovial joints)

30
Q

supination

A

radius and ulna are parallel (synovial joint)

31
Q

inversion vs eversion

A

movement of foot

inversion: in
eversion: flex out

32
Q

opposition

A

pinching movement between thumb and pointer

33
Q

classes of synovial joints

A

based on shapes of articular surfaces

34
Q

plane joints

A
  • synovial joint articulations
  • surfaces essentially flat
  • allow only slipping or gliding movements
  • only examples of intertarsal joints
35
Q

hinge joints

A
  • synovial joint articulations
  • cyndrical projection of one bone fits into trough-shaped surface on other
  • single plane movement
  • unixial joints permit flexion and extension only
  • ex: elbow
36
Q

pivot joints

A
  • synovial joint articulations
  • rounded end of bone
  • only uniaxial rotational movement allowed
37
Q

condyloid (ellipsoidal) joints

A
  • synovial joint articulations
  • oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary depression in other
  • both surfaces=oval
  • biaxial joints permit ALL angular motions
  • examples: wrist (radiocarpal), first knuckle (metacarpophalangeal)
38
Q

saddle joints

A
  • synovial joint articulations
  • similar to condyloid joints but allow greater amplitude of movement
  • each articular surface has both concave and convex surface
  • ex: carpometacarpal joint of thumb
39
Q

ball and socket joints

A
  • synovial joint articulations
  • spherical or hemispherical head of one bone articulates with cuplike socket of other
  • multiaxial joint: most freely moving synovial joint
  • example: shoulder, hip
40
Q

knee

A
  • largest/most complex synovial joint
  • flexion, extension, some rotation
  • three joints surrounded by single joint cavity:
  • –femoropatellar
  • –lateral tibiofemoral joint
  • –medial tibiofemoral joint
  • very common injuries: TCL tear, ACL tear, medial meniscus tear
41
Q

ligaments vs tendons

A

ligaments usually connect bone to bone
tendons usually connect muscle to bone
both USUALLY dense regular connective tissue

42
Q

cartilage tears

A
  • common in menisci of joints
  • very slow healing (not very vascular)
  • often with cartilage fragments floating in joint that need to be removed: arthroscopic surgery
43
Q

sprains

A
  • when the reinforcing ligaments of a joint are stretched/torn
  • partial tears can repair themselves (slowly)
  • complete tears can be sewn, replaced with graft, or immobilizing joint until it heals
44
Q

dislocations

A
  • bone ends are displaced at joint
  • sport injuries/falls
  • repeated dislocation more commona fter first (stretching of ligaments and “loosening” of joint capsule)
45
Q

Bursitis

A
  • inflammatory problems
  • inflammation of bursa
  • blow or chronic friction
  • treated with anti-inflammatory drugs (aspirating excessive fluid)
46
Q

tendonitis

A

-inflammation of tendon sheaths
-symptoms and treatments similar to bursitis
therefore, treated with anti-inflammatory drugs

47
Q

arthritis

A
  • symptoms: pain, stiffness, swelling of joints
  • acute forms are caused by bacteria and are treated with antibiotics
  • chronic forms: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis, etc
48
Q

osteoarthritis (OA)

A
  • Most common (“wear and tear” arthritis
  • higher incidence in women
  • reflects years of abrasion and oppression and compression, causing increased production of enzymes that break down cartilage
  • exposed bone ends thicken and bone spurs (osteophytes) restrict movement
  • joints most affected are cervical/lumbar spine, fingers, knuckles, knees, hips
  • slow and irreversible
  • treatments: mild pain relievers, moderate activity, joint replacements, magnetic therapy
49
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A
  • Chronic inflammatory, autoimmune disease
  • unknown cause
  • symptoms arise usually 40 to 50
  • symptoms: joint tenderness, anemia, overlage muscles, osteoporosis
  • exacerbations and remissions
  • synovitis
  • pannus: abnormal inflamed synovial membrane, scar tissue
  • ankylosis: bent, deformed fingers, toes
  • steroids, antibiotics, physical therapy, Enbrel (cancer killing, side effects bad)
50
Q

synovitis

A

inflammation of synovial cap

51
Q

Gouty arthritis (gout)

A
  • deposition of uric acid crystals
  • inflammation response
  • joint at base of great toe and thumb
  • when untreated, bone ends fuse and immobilize joint
  • treatment: colchicine (chemo), anti-inflammatory drugs, steroids

Anatomy + Physiology NURS (10 decks)

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