Chapter 8 Flashcards
1
Q
articulations (joints)
A
site where 2 or more bones meet
- weakest parts of skeleton
- mobility for skeleton
- hold skeleton together
2
Q
arthrology
A
study of joints
3
Q
kinesiology
A
study of musulcoskeletal movement
4
Q
fibrous joints
A
- fibrous tissue
- no joint cavity
- most are synarthroses
- 3 types: sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses
5
Q
sutures
A
- fibrous joint
- between bones in skull
- comprised of interlocking junctions filled with connective tissue fibers
- bind bones tightly together but also good for GROWTH in children
- synostoses: when the skull bones fuse in middle age
6
Q
syndemoses
A
fibrous joint
bones are connected by ligament tissue
movement: immoveable to slightly variable
examples: radius and ulna, tibia and fibula
7
Q
gomhoses
A
- fibrous joint
- peridontal ligament
- only example in humans=peg-in-socket fibrous joint between a tooth and aveolar socket
8
Q
cartilaginous joints
A
- articulating bones united by cartilage
- no joint cavity
- two types: synchrondroses and symphyses
9
Q
synchrondroses
A
- bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones
- synarthrotic
- ex: epiphyseal plates of children, joint between first rib and sternum
10
Q
symphyses
A
- hyaline cartilage covers articulating surface of bone; fused to intervening pad of FIBROCARTILAGE
- Amphiarthrotic joints for strength and limited flexibility
- examples: intervertebral joints, pubic symphysis of pelvis
11
Q
Bony joints
A
- once separate, fused by asseous tissue
- synarthrotic joints (no movement because fused)
- ex: mandible (left and right at birth), sacrum
12
Q
Synovial joints
A
- articulating bones separated by fluid containing joint cavity
- freely movable diarthroses
- all limb joints, most joints of body
- articular cartilage, synovial (joint) cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments
13
Q
joint stability (synovial joints)
A
determined by
- articular surface shape (planes, degrees, ex: elbow)
- ligaments unite bones and prevent excessive or undesirable movements
14
Q
Bursae
A
- friction reduction in synovial joints
- flattened, fibrous sacs with synovial fluid
- common where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together
15
Q
tendon sheath
A
-friction reduction in synovial joints
-elongated bursa that wraps completely around tendon
(bursa=flattened, fibrous sacs with synovial fluid)
16
Q
two muscle attachments (synovial joints)
A
opposite ends of bone:
origin: attachment to immovable bone
insertion: attachment to movable bone
17
Q
nonaxial movement
A
sliping (gliding) movements only
18
Q
uniaxial movement
A
in one plane
19
Q
biaxial movement
A
in two planes
20
Q
multiaxial movement
A
in or around all three planes
21
Q
Flexion
A
- angular movement
- bending movement that decreases angle of joint
22
Q
extension
A
- angular movement
- reverse of flexion; joint angle is increased
23
Q
dorsiflexion/plantarflexion
A
- angular movement
- up and down movement of the foot
24
Q
abduction
A
- angular movement
- movement away from midline
25
adduction
- angular movement
| - movement toward midline
26
circumduction
- angular movement
| - movement describes a cone in space
27
Gliding movement/translation
one flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface
ex: intercarpal and intertarsal joints
28
Rotational movement
turning of a bone around its own long axis
| ex: hip and shoulder joints
29
pronation
radius rotates over ulna (synovial joints)
30
supination
radius and ulna are parallel (synovial joint)
31
inversion vs eversion
movement of foot
inversion: in
eversion: flex out
32
opposition
pinching movement between thumb and pointer
33
classes of synovial joints
based on shapes of articular surfaces
34
plane joints
- synovial joint articulations
- surfaces essentially flat
- allow only slipping or gliding movements
- only examples of intertarsal joints
35
hinge joints
- synovial joint articulations
- cyndrical projection of one bone fits into trough-shaped surface on other
- single plane movement
- unixial joints permit flexion and extension only
- ex: elbow
36
pivot joints
- synovial joint articulations
- rounded end of bone
- only uniaxial rotational movement allowed
37
condyloid (ellipsoidal) joints
- synovial joint articulations
- oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary depression in other
- both surfaces=oval
- biaxial joints permit ALL angular motions
- examples: wrist (radiocarpal), first knuckle (metacarpophalangeal)
38
saddle joints
- synovial joint articulations
- similar to condyloid joints but allow greater amplitude of movement
- each articular surface has both concave and convex surface
- ex: carpometacarpal joint of thumb
39
ball and socket joints
- synovial joint articulations
- spherical or hemispherical head of one bone articulates with cuplike socket of other
- multiaxial joint: most freely moving synovial joint
- example: shoulder, hip
40
knee
- largest/most complex synovial joint
- flexion, extension, some rotation
- three joints surrounded by single joint cavity:
- --femoropatellar
- --lateral tibiofemoral joint
- --medial tibiofemoral joint
- very common injuries: TCL tear, ACL tear, medial meniscus tear
41
ligaments vs tendons
ligaments usually connect bone to bone
tendons usually connect muscle to bone
both USUALLY dense regular connective tissue
42
cartilage tears
- common in menisci of joints
- very slow healing (not very vascular)
- often with cartilage fragments floating in joint that need to be removed: arthroscopic surgery
43
sprains
- when the reinforcing ligaments of a joint are stretched/torn
- partial tears can repair themselves (slowly)
- complete tears can be sewn, replaced with graft, or immobilizing joint until it heals
44
dislocations
- bone ends are displaced at joint
- sport injuries/falls
- repeated dislocation more commona fter first (stretching of ligaments and "loosening" of joint capsule)
45
Bursitis
- inflammatory problems
- inflammation of bursa
- blow or chronic friction
- treated with anti-inflammatory drugs (aspirating excessive fluid)
46
tendonitis
-inflammation of tendon sheaths
-symptoms and treatments similar to bursitis
therefore, treated with anti-inflammatory drugs
47
arthritis
- symptoms: pain, stiffness, swelling of joints
- acute forms are caused by bacteria and are treated with antibiotics
- chronic forms: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis, etc
48
osteoarthritis (OA)
- Most common ("wear and tear" arthritis
- higher incidence in women
- reflects years of abrasion and oppression and compression, causing increased production of enzymes that break down cartilage
- exposed bone ends thicken and bone spurs (osteophytes) restrict movement
- joints most affected are cervical/lumbar spine, fingers, knuckles, knees, hips
- slow and irreversible
- treatments: mild pain relievers, moderate activity, joint replacements, magnetic therapy
49
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
- Chronic inflammatory, autoimmune disease
- unknown cause
- symptoms arise usually 40 to 50
- symptoms: joint tenderness, anemia, overlage muscles, osteoporosis
- exacerbations and remissions
- synovitis
- pannus: abnormal inflamed synovial membrane, scar tissue
- ankylosis: bent, deformed fingers, toes
- steroids, antibiotics, physical therapy, Enbrel (cancer killing, side effects bad)
50
synovitis
inflammation of synovial cap
51
Gouty arthritis (gout)
- deposition of uric acid crystals
- inflammation response
- joint at base of great toe and thumb
- when untreated, bone ends fuse and immobilize joint
- treatment: colchicine (chemo), anti-inflammatory drugs, steroids
