Chapter 1

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

Structure of body parts and relationships

Question 2

Physiology

Answer 2

Function of body parts individually and together as systems

Question 3

Gross (macroscopic) anatomy

Answer 3

Regional, Systematic (system of bones), Surface (surfaces of irregular bones)

Question 4

Microscopic Anatomy

Answer 4

Cytology (study of cells) and histology (study of tissues)

Question 5

Developmental Anatomy

Answer 5

Embryology,e tc

Question 6

Pathological Anatomy

Answer 6

Variations from normal, (includes broken bones, etc)

Question 7

Radiographic (imaging) anatomy

Answer 7

visualize structures inside body, RI, Xray, fMRI, etc

Question 8

Anatomy and Physiology are complementary

Answer 8

Function dependent on structure; structure tailored to meet functional req

Question 9

Levels of Structural Organization

Answer 9

CSCTOOO:

Chemical, Subcellular, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organismal

Question 10

Necessary Functions of Life

Answer 10

Homeostasis, maintaining Boundaries (keep separated, with membranes), Movement, Responsiveness, Digestion, Excretion, Reproduction (though not necessary for survival), Growth (HBMRDERG)

Question 11

Survival Needs

Answer 11

Nutrients, Oxygen, Water, Normal body temps, athmospheric pressure

Question 12

Nutrients

Answer 12

chemicals for energy production, cell building, proper internal environment (ions and salts)

Question 13

Water

Answer 13

Provides internal environment for chem reactions, medium for secretions and excretions

Question 14

Atmospheric pressure

Answer 14

for proper gas exchange in lungs

Question 15

Homeostasis

Answer 15

dynamic state of equilibrium, in face of internal and external changes, maintained by internal regulatory mechanisms

Question 16

Variable

Answer 16

parameter being regulated

Question 17

Interdependent components of homeostatic control mechanism

Answer 17

Receptor (senses level of parameter), control center, effector; to maintain narrow window of neg/positive feedback cycles

Question 18

positive feedback loop

Answer 18

self perpetuating

Question 19

Homeostasis imbalance

Answer 19

causes most disease; overwhelming negative feedback can cause destructive positive feedback to take over (if variable changes by too much, can’t function, ex heart failure)

Question 20

Anatomical position

Answer 20

human body erect, arms at sides, palms forward, feet together

Question 21

Superior/inferior

Answer 21

vertical: towards head vs towards feet

Question 22

anterior (ventral) vs posterior (dorsal)

Answer 22

front/back

Question 23

Medial

Answer 23

central midline

Question 24

Lateral

Answer 24

away from midline

Question 25

intermediate

Answer 25

in between medial and lateral)

Question 26

proximal vs distal

Answer 26

relative to something: close vs far

Question 27

superficial vs deep

Answer 27

toward surface vs internal structure/closer to core

Question 28

axial

Answer 28

head, neck, trunk

Question 29

appendicular

Answer 29

appendages (limbs)

Question 30

Anatomical Variability

Answer 30

90% of anatomical structures match textbook descriptions but nerve or blood vessels may be slightly out of place, small muscles missing, etc
extreme variations are rare because impacts function, perhaps incompatible for life

Question 31

Dorsal Cavity

Answer 31

houses/protects nervous system; cranial cavity (within skull, encases brain) and vertebral cavity (encases spinal cord)

Question 32

Ventral Cavity

Answer 32

internal organs (viscera); divided by diaphragm into thoracic (superior) and abdominopelvic (inferior)

Question 33

Thorarcic cavity

Answer 33

Superior to diaphragm, divided into pleural cavities (lungs) and mediastinum, with the pericardinal (heart)

Question 34

Abdominalpelvic Cavity

Answer 34

Inferior to diaphragm, composed of abdominal and pelvic cavities

Question 35

Serosa

Answer 35

Serous membranes covering inner walls of body cavities and outer surfaces of organs

Question 36

Parietal serosa

Answer 36

lines internal body walls

Question 37

Visceral serosa

Answer 37

covers internal organs

Question 38

Serous fluid

Answer 38

separates serosae and provides lubrication (reduces friction); water based but acts like oil