Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy + Physiology NURS > Chapter 11: fundamentals of nervous system and nervous tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 11: fundamentals of nervous system and nervous tissue Flashcards

1
Q

nervous system

A

master control

communication system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

sensory division

A

PNS
afferent
monitoring stimuli occurring inside and outside body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

integration

A

interpretation of sensory input by CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Motor division

A

PNS
efferent
response to stimuli by activating effector organs
from CNS to effector organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

integration and command center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

PNS

A

consists of paired spinal and cranial nerves

carries messages to and from CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

sensory afferent fibers

A

PNS Sensory division

carry impulses from sensory receptors in sensory organs, skin, skeletal muscle, and joints to brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

visceral afferent fibers

A

PNS Sensory division

transmit impulses from visceral organs to brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

somatic nervous system

A

conscious control of skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

sympathetic and parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

cell types in nervous system

A

neurons

glial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

glial cells

A 
supporting cells
scaffolding for neurons
segregate and insulate
guide young neurons to proper connections during dev
promote growth
maintain neuronal health
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

neurons

A

excitable cells that transmit electrical signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Astrocytes

A 
type of glial cell
support and brace neurons
highly branched
cover capilaries
anchor neurons to nutrient supplies
guide migration
control chem environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

microglia

A

type of glial cell
small ovoid cells
transform phagocytes that monitor health of neurons
get rid of debris and infectious microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

oligodendrocytesglial

A

type of glial

branched cells that wrap and insulate CNS nerve fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

schwann cells

A

glial cells
wrap around fibers of PNS neurons
insulate and increase conduction velocity of action potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

nerve cells (neurons)

A

soma, axon, many dendrites
amitotic (dont divide)
long lived
high metabolic rate: require constant oxygen and glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

plasma membrane of nerve cells

A

electrical signaling

cell to cell signaling during dev

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

dendrites

A

receive info from other neurons

electrical signals are conveyed as graded potentials (not action potentials)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

soma

A

processing center and biosynthetic center of neuron

contains axon hillock: cone shaped area from which axon arises

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

axon

A

output info to effectors via action potentials

  • nerve fiber
  • axon terminal forms synapse
  • generates and transmits action potentials
  • secret neurotransmitters
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

anterograde

A

direction of substances toward axonal terminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

retrograde

A

direction of substances in axons away from axonal terminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

sensory (afferent) neurons

A

transmit impulses toward the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Motor (efferent) neurons

A

carry impulses away from CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Interneurons (association neurons

A

shuttle signals through CNS pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Voltage

A

measure of potential energy generated by separated change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Potential difference

A

voltage measured between two points

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Resistance (R)

A

hindrance to charge flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

insulator

A

substance with high electrical resistance

32
Q

conductor

A

substance with low electrical resistance

33
Q

Physiological electrical current

A
  • flow of ions (NOT electrons)
  • potential on a side of membrane when
    1. concentration of ions is deff
    2. membrane provides a resistance (barrier) to ion flow
34
Q

Plasma membrane ion channels

A

-defined path for ions to pass through plasma membrane

35
Q

passive (leak) channels

A
  • Plasma membrane ion channel

- always open

36
Q

chemically-gated channels

A
  • Plasma membrane ion channel

- open with binding of a specific neurotransmitter

37
Q

mechanically-gated channels

A
  • Plasma membrane ion channel

- open and close in response to physical deformation of channel or membrane

38
Q

electrochemical gradient

A
  • electrical and chem gradients taken together
  • when gated channels are open:
    1. specific ions move quickly across membrane
    2. movement in direction of electrochem gradients (toward opp charge, low concentration)
    3. electrical charge created
    4. voltage changes across membrane
39
Q

Resting Membrane potential

A

-70mv

Na+, K+ Cl-, and protein anions A-

40
Q

K+

A

plasma membrane more permeable to K+, more leaks out

41
Q

Na+

A

membrane less permeable, very little leaks in

42
Q

Na+/K+ ATPase

A

3 Na+ out per 2 K+ in

ATP

43
Q

Depolarization

A

inside of membrane becomes less negative

44
Q

repolarization

A

membrane returns to resting membrane potential

45
Q

hyperpolarization

A

inside of membrane becomes more negative than RMP

46
Q

graded potentials

A
  • short lived local changes in membrane potential
  • decrease in intensity with distance
  • magnitude varies with strength of stimulus
  • if strong enough, can initiate action potentials
  • dendrites
47
Q

action potentials

A
  • fast reversal of membrane potential
  • total amplitude of 100mv
  • muscle cells and neurons
  • inter neural communication
  • neural communication to effectors
  • in a neuron called nerve impulse
  • all or none phenomenon
48
Q

depolarization: channels and ions

A
  • 55 to -50mV opens voltage gated Na+ channels

- -> Na+ permeability increases, depolarization

49
Q

repolarization: channels and ions

A

VG Na+ channels close, VG K+ channels open

–> k+ exits cell, internal negativity restored

50
Q

hyperpolarization: channels and ions

A

VG K+ gates remain open, excessive efflux K+
UNDERSHOOT=excessive hyperpolarization
neuron becomes less sensitive to stimulus and depolarization: REFRACTORY period

51
Q

absolute refractory period

A
  • time from opening of Na+ activation gates until closing of inactivation gates to return to closed state
  • prevents neuron from generating an action potential
  • ensures each action potential is separate
  • one-way transmission (anteriograde)
52
Q

Relative refractory period

A

-following absolute refractory period

53
Q

Schwann cells

A
  • PNS
  • protects axon
  • whitish, fatty segmented sheath
  • myelinates axons
  • electrically insulate fibers from one another
  • increases speed in nerve transmission
54
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • CNS

- myelin sheaths

55
Q

fast signals

A

motor neuron signaling to skeletal muscle

sensory afferent signaling to CNS

56
Q

Slow signals

A

neuron signaling to visceral organs (stomach, intestines, etc)

57
Q

Termination of neurotransmitter signaling

A
  1. neurotransmitter degraded by enzymes
  2. reabsorbed by astrocytes or presynaptic terminals
  3. diffuse out of synaptic cleft
58
Q

postsynaptic potentials

A
  • amount of neurotransmitter released
  • length of time neurotransmitter binds to receptors
  • type of receptor to which neurotransmitter is bound
  • EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potentials) or IPSP (inhibitory)
59
Q

EPSP

A
  • excitatory
  • depolarization
  • graded potentials initiate action potential
  • only chem-gated channels
  • single EPSP is sub threshold stimulus
60
Q

IPSP

A
  • inhibitory
  • hyperpolarization
  • neurotransmitter binds to receptor at inhibitory synapse
  • more permeable to K+ and Cl- ions
  • charge on inner surface is more negative (hyperpolarization)
  • inhibits postysynaptic neuron to generate action potential
61
Q

Temporal summation

A

PREsynaptic neurons

transmit impulses in rapid fire, high freq, to induce action potential

62
Q

Spatial summation

A

POSTsynaptic neuron

stimulated by large number of presynaptic terminals at same time

63
Q

Neurotransmitter types

A

(5) NAABP
1. Novel messengers: ATP and dissolved gases NO and CO
2. Acetylcholine (ACh)
3. Amino acids
4. biogenic amines
5. peptides

64
Q

Acetylcholine

A
  • first identified neurotransmitter
  • most studied
  • neuromuscular junction
  • synaptic vesicles
  • degraded by enzyme Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
  • released by neurons that stimulate skeletal muscle and some in ANS
65
Q

Biogenic amines

A

-broadly distributed in brain
-emotional behaviors, bio clock, ANS
-includes:
catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) and
indolamines (serotonin, histamine)

66
Q

Amino acids

A

-found only in CNS
-EPSPs or IPSPs
-includes:
GABA
Glutamate

67
Q

Peptides

A

-Natural opiates
-reducing pain perception
-includes:
substance P (mediator of pain signals)

68
Q

direct mechanisms of neurotransmitter receptors

A
  • neurotransmitters open channels
  • promote rapid responses
  • ex: ACh, amino acids
69
Q

indirect mechanisms of neurotransmitter receptors

A
  • neurotransmitters act through second messengers
  • promote slower but more long lasting effects
  • ex: biogenic amines, peptides, dissolved gases
70
Q

Neuronal pools (circuits)

A
  • functional groups of neurons
  • input fiber: presynaptic fiber
  • discharge zone: neurons most closely associated with incoming fiber
  • facilitated zone: neurons farther away from incoming fiber
  • divergent vs convergent vs reverberating
71
Q

divergent neuronal pools

A
  • one incoming fiber stimulates ever increasing number of fibers
  • amplifying circuits
72
Q

convergent neuronal pools

A
  • many fibers combine for one output

- strong stimulation or inhibition

73
Q

reverberating neuronal pools

A
  • chain of neurons containing collateral synapses, previous neurons in chain
  • signal travels down chain, each neuron feeding back to previous
  • oscillating circuit
  • breathing, sleep wake cycles, walking
74
Q

serial processing of neurons

A
  • one pathway
  • all or none manner
  • ex: spinal reflexes
75
Q

parallel processing

A
  • several pathways
  • diff CNS systems
  • one stimulus promotes numerous responses
  • ex: one smell reminds you of an odor and associated experiences
76
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A
  • autoimmune
  • young adults
  • visual disturbances, weakness, loss of muscular control, urinary incontinence
  • myelin sheaths in CNS degenerate, become nonfunctional (scars)
  • shunting and short circuiting of nerve impulses)

Anatomy + Physiology NURS (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions