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Anatomy + Physiology NURS > Chapter 11: fundamentals of nervous system and nervous tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 11: fundamentals of nervous system and nervous tissue Flashcards

1
Q

nervous system

A

master control

communication system

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2
Q

sensory division

A

PNS
afferent
monitoring stimuli occurring inside and outside body

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3
Q

integration

A

interpretation of sensory input by CNS

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4
Q

Motor division

A

PNS
efferent
response to stimuli by activating effector organs
from CNS to effector organs

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5
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

integration and command center

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6
Q

PNS

A

consists of paired spinal and cranial nerves

carries messages to and from CNS

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7
Q

sensory afferent fibers

A

PNS Sensory division

carry impulses from sensory receptors in sensory organs, skin, skeletal muscle, and joints to brain

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8
Q

visceral afferent fibers

A

PNS Sensory division

transmit impulses from visceral organs to brain

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9
Q

somatic nervous system

A

conscious control of skeletal muscles

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10
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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11
Q

cell types in nervous system

A

neurons

glial cells

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12
Q

glial cells

A 
supporting cells
scaffolding for neurons
segregate and insulate
guide young neurons to proper connections during dev
promote growth
maintain neuronal health
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13
Q

neurons

A

excitable cells that transmit electrical signals

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14
Q

Astrocytes

A 
type of glial cell
support and brace neurons
highly branched
cover capilaries
anchor neurons to nutrient supplies
guide migration
control chem environment
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15
Q

microglia

A

type of glial cell
small ovoid cells
transform phagocytes that monitor health of neurons
get rid of debris and infectious microorganisms

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16
Q

oligodendrocytesglial

A

type of glial

branched cells that wrap and insulate CNS nerve fibers

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17
Q

schwann cells

A

glial cells
wrap around fibers of PNS neurons
insulate and increase conduction velocity of action potentials

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18
Q

nerve cells (neurons)

A

soma, axon, many dendrites
amitotic (dont divide)
long lived
high metabolic rate: require constant oxygen and glucose

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19
Q

plasma membrane of nerve cells

A

electrical signaling

cell to cell signaling during dev

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20
Q

dendrites

A

receive info from other neurons

electrical signals are conveyed as graded potentials (not action potentials)

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21
Q

soma

A

processing center and biosynthetic center of neuron

contains axon hillock: cone shaped area from which axon arises

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22
Q

axon

A

output info to effectors via action potentials

  • nerve fiber
  • axon terminal forms synapse
  • generates and transmits action potentials
  • secret neurotransmitters
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23
Q

anterograde

A

direction of substances toward axonal terminal

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24
Q

retrograde

A

direction of substances in axons away from axonal terminal

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25
sensory (afferent) neurons
transmit impulses toward the CNS
26
Motor (efferent) neurons
carry impulses away from CNS
27
Interneurons (association neurons
shuttle signals through CNS pathways
28
Voltage
measure of potential energy generated by separated change
29
Potential difference
voltage measured between two points
30
Resistance (R)
hindrance to charge flow
31
insulator
substance with high electrical resistance
32
conductor
substance with low electrical resistance
33
Physiological electrical current
- flow of ions (NOT electrons) - potential on a side of membrane when 1. concentration of ions is deff 2. membrane provides a resistance (barrier) to ion flow
34
Plasma membrane ion channels
-defined path for ions to pass through plasma membrane
35
passive (leak) channels
- Plasma membrane ion channel | - always open
36
chemically-gated channels
- Plasma membrane ion channel | - open with binding of a specific neurotransmitter
37
mechanically-gated channels
- Plasma membrane ion channel | - open and close in response to physical deformation of channel or membrane
38
electrochemical gradient
- electrical and chem gradients taken together - when gated channels are open: 1. specific ions move quickly across membrane 2. movement in direction of electrochem gradients (toward opp charge, low concentration) 3. electrical charge created 4. voltage changes across membrane
39
Resting Membrane potential
-70mv | Na+, K+ Cl-, and protein anions A-
40
K+
plasma membrane more permeable to K+, more leaks out
41
Na+
membrane less permeable, very little leaks in
42
Na+/K+ ATPase
3 Na+ out per 2 K+ in | ATP
43
Depolarization
inside of membrane becomes less negative
44
repolarization
membrane returns to resting membrane potential
45
hyperpolarization
inside of membrane becomes more negative than RMP
46
graded potentials
- short lived local changes in membrane potential - decrease in intensity with distance - magnitude varies with strength of stimulus - if strong enough, can initiate action potentials - dendrites
47
action potentials
- fast reversal of membrane potential - total amplitude of 100mv - muscle cells and neurons - inter neural communication - neural communication to effectors - in a neuron called nerve impulse - all or none phenomenon
48
depolarization: channels and ions
- 55 to -50mV opens voltage gated Na+ channels | - -> Na+ permeability increases, depolarization
49
repolarization: channels and ions
VG Na+ channels close, VG K+ channels open | --> k+ exits cell, internal negativity restored
50
hyperpolarization: channels and ions
VG K+ gates remain open, excessive efflux K+ UNDERSHOOT=excessive hyperpolarization neuron becomes less sensitive to stimulus and depolarization: REFRACTORY period
51
absolute refractory period
- time from opening of Na+ activation gates until closing of inactivation gates to return to closed state - prevents neuron from generating an action potential - ensures each action potential is separate - one-way transmission (anteriograde)
52
Relative refractory period
-following absolute refractory period
53
Schwann cells
- PNS - protects axon - whitish, fatty segmented sheath - myelinates axons - electrically insulate fibers from one another - increases speed in nerve transmission
54
Oligodendrocytes
- CNS | - myelin sheaths
55
fast signals
motor neuron signaling to skeletal muscle | sensory afferent signaling to CNS
56
Slow signals
neuron signaling to visceral organs (stomach, intestines, etc)
57
Termination of neurotransmitter signaling
1. neurotransmitter degraded by enzymes 2. reabsorbed by astrocytes or presynaptic terminals 3. diffuse out of synaptic cleft
58
postsynaptic potentials
- amount of neurotransmitter released - length of time neurotransmitter binds to receptors - type of receptor to which neurotransmitter is bound - EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potentials) or IPSP (inhibitory)
59
EPSP
- excitatory - depolarization - graded potentials initiate action potential - only chem-gated channels - single EPSP is sub threshold stimulus
60
IPSP
- inhibitory - hyperpolarization - neurotransmitter binds to receptor at inhibitory synapse - more permeable to K+ and Cl- ions - charge on inner surface is more negative (hyperpolarization) - inhibits postysynaptic neuron to generate action potential
61
Temporal summation
PREsynaptic neurons | transmit impulses in rapid fire, high freq, to induce action potential
62
Spatial summation
POSTsynaptic neuron | stimulated by large number of presynaptic terminals at same time
63
Neurotransmitter types
(5) NAABP 1. Novel messengers: ATP and dissolved gases NO and CO 2. Acetylcholine (ACh) 3. Amino acids 4. biogenic amines 5. peptides
64
Acetylcholine
- first identified neurotransmitter - most studied - neuromuscular junction - synaptic vesicles - degraded by enzyme Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) - released by neurons that stimulate skeletal muscle and some in ANS
65
Biogenic amines
-broadly distributed in brain -emotional behaviors, bio clock, ANS -includes: catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) and indolamines (serotonin, histamine)
66
Amino acids
-found only in CNS -EPSPs or IPSPs -includes: GABA Glutamate
67
Peptides
-Natural opiates -reducing pain perception -includes: substance P (mediator of pain signals)
68
direct mechanisms of neurotransmitter receptors
- neurotransmitters open channels - promote rapid responses - ex: ACh, amino acids
69
indirect mechanisms of neurotransmitter receptors
- neurotransmitters act through second messengers - promote slower but more long lasting effects - ex: biogenic amines, peptides, dissolved gases
70
Neuronal pools (circuits)
- functional groups of neurons - input fiber: presynaptic fiber - discharge zone: neurons most closely associated with incoming fiber - facilitated zone: neurons farther away from incoming fiber - divergent vs convergent vs reverberating
71
divergent neuronal pools
- one incoming fiber stimulates ever increasing number of fibers - amplifying circuits
72
convergent neuronal pools
- many fibers combine for one output | - strong stimulation or inhibition
73
reverberating neuronal pools
- chain of neurons containing collateral synapses, previous neurons in chain - signal travels down chain, each neuron feeding back to previous - oscillating circuit - breathing, sleep wake cycles, walking
74
serial processing of neurons
- one pathway - all or none manner - ex: spinal reflexes
75
parallel processing
- several pathways - diff CNS systems - one stimulus promotes numerous responses - ex: one smell reminds you of an odor and associated experiences
76
Multiple sclerosis
- autoimmune - young adults - visual disturbances, weakness, loss of muscular control, urinary incontinence - myelin sheaths in CNS degenerate, become nonfunctional (scars) - shunting and short circuiting of nerve impulses)

Anatomy + Physiology NURS (10 decks)

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