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Anatomy + Physiology NURS > Chapter 3: Cells: The Living Units > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Cells: The Living Units Flashcards

1
Q

Cell theory

A
  • Cell is basic structural and functional unit
  • -activity depends on both individual and collective activity of cell
  • Biochem activities are dictated by subcellular structure
  • Basis of continuity of life (generation to generation)
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2
Q

3 main parts of generalized cell

A

Plasma membrane (separates intracellular compartments from extracellular fluid), cytoplasm (intracellular fluid, includes all organelles except nucleus), nucleus

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3
Q

Structure of plasma membrane

A

bilayer with hydrophobic tail and hydrophillic head, cholesterol, gylcolipid, rafts (for cell signaling molecules)

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4
Q

Transport proteins

A

allows hydrophylic solutes to cross hydrophobic membrane via channel

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5
Q

Hormone/Neurotransmitter receptors

A

binding of signaling molecule to protein –> triggers change in structure –> change in function (activation or inactivation)

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6
Q

Attachment for cytoskeletal or extracellular matrix proteins

A

anchoring points for intracellular structural proteins (cytoskeleton) or extracellular matrix proteins

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7
Q

Intercellular adhesion

A

in some proteins; complementary docking sites for joining adjacent cells and promote cell-cell interaction

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8
Q

cell-cell recognition

A

glycoproteins as identification tags

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9
Q

Tight junctions

A

form a seal between adjacent cells

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10
Q

Demosomes

A

mechanically anchor cells to each other; like velcro; interlock

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11
Q

gap junctions

A

hexameric protein complexes that form a pore between cells; can selectively pass molecules or ions; act together as functional unit

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12
Q

Passive transport

A

occurs without energy input from cell; SIMPLE DIFFUSION for non polar and lipid soluble substances, FACILITATED DIFFUSION with carrier proteins for polar molecules and ions (glucose, amino acid, etc), OSMOSIS for water molecules

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13
Q

Active transport

A

metabolic energy input (ATP) is necessary

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14
Q

Osmolarity

A

total concentration of solute particles in a solution

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15
Q

Tonicity

A

how solution affects cell volume; in osmosis

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16
Q

Isotonic solution

A

The concentration of solutes is equal inside and outside the cell so water moves across the membrane in both directions maintaining cell size

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17
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

the solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell so water moves into the cell causing plant cells to swell and animal cells to swell and burst

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18
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

The solution has a higher solute concentration than the cell so water moves out of the cell and into the solution causing the cell to plasmolyze

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19
Q

Symport system

A

Active transport with two solutes moved in same direction

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20
Q

Antiport system

A

Active transport where two solutes are moved in opposite direction

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21
Q

Primary active transport

A

hydrolysis of ATP directly phosphorylates transport protein, conformational change, transport

22
Q

Secondary active transport

A

use of exchange pump (such as sodium potassium pump) to indirectly drive transport

23
Q

Vesicular Transport

A
  • requires energy from ATP or GTP hydrolysis

- mechanism to transport large particles and macromolecules

24
Q

Transcytosis

A

(vesicular transport) moving substances into, through, then out of the cell

25
Q

Vesicular trafficking

A

moving substances from one area inside the cell to another

26
Q

Phagocytosis

A

external environment, engulfs into phagosome, destroys with lysosome

27
Q

Membrane potential

A

voltage (electrical potential difference) across member

28
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

when not stimulated, ranges from -50 to -100mV, results from sodium and potassium gradients and differential permeability

29
Q

Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAM)

A

Membrane glycoproteins, functions include proper embryonic dev of tissues, wound repair, etc)

30
Q

Contact Signaling

A

physical contact between membrane receptors; normal dev and immunity

31
Q

Electrical signaling

A

voltage regulated ion gates; nerve + muscle tissue

32
Q

Chemical signaling

A

neurotransmitters or hormones (ligands) bind with high specificity to receptors in plasma membrane –> structural change –> ion channels or enzymatic activity; with g protein linked receptors, activates g protein and second messenger

33
Q

Ribosomes

A

contain protein and rRNA; site of protein synthesis

34
Q

Rough ER

A

External surface studded with ribosomes; makes all secreted proteins, integral membrane proteins and phospholipids

35
Q

Smooth ER

A

in liver: lipid and cholesterol metabolism
in testes/ovaries: synthesis of steroid hormones
in intestinal cells: absorption, synthesis, and transport of fats
in skeletal and cardiac muscle, store and release of CALCIUM IONS

36
Q

lysosomes

A

spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes in acidic solution; garbage men of cell; breakdown/degrade

37
Q

Endomembrane system

A

produce, store, export bio molecules; degrade/detoxify harmful substances

38
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules; structural protein rods in cytosol

39
Q

Centrioles

A

Mitotic spindle during mitosis

40
Q

Ciliary motion vs coordinated ciliary motion

A

ciliary motion has recovery stroke

41
Q

Pore complexes

A

in nuclear envelope to regulate transport of large molecules in and out of nucleus

42
Q

nucleoli

A

ribosome production

43
Q

chromatin

A

strands of DNA complexed with histone proteins; positive charge; functional units=nucleosomes;form condensed chromosomes when nucleus starts to divide

44
Q

Cell growth and division

A 
INTERPHASE
G1: Growth (G0 cells cease dividing here)
S: Synthesis (DNA replication)
G2: Growth
MITOTIC PHASE
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
45
Q

Helicase

A

enzyme that unzips DNA

46
Q

Mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

47
Q

Early prophase

A

chromatin condenses to chromosomes, nucleolus disappears, mitotic spindles start growing

48
Q

Late prophase

A

nuclear envelope breaks up, spindle microtubule (kinetochure) attaches to centromere; spindle microtubules (polar) meet in middle and push centrioles to opposite sides of cell

49
Q

Metaphase

A

chromosomes line up at metaphase plate, separase enzyme cuts kinetochore protein

50
Q

Anaphase

A

chromatids pulled apart

51
Q

Telophase

A

new nuclear envelope and nucleolus; microtubule spindles break down and disappear –> cytokinesis

52
Q

Factors that control cell division

A
  • suface to volume ratio
  • chem signales (growth factors; hormones)
  • contact inhibition
  • cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)
  • cell division inhibited by repressive genes (cancer does not have)

Anatomy + Physiology NURS (10 decks)

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