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Anatomy + Physiology NURS > Chapter 13: Peripheral Nervous System and Reflexes > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Peripheral Nervous System and Reflexes Flashcards

1
Q

PNS

A

-Sensory receptors, peripheral nerves, associated ganglia, motor endings

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2
Q

Sensory receptors

A

-activation results in depolarizations –> impulses to the CNS

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3
Q

Sensory receptors by stimulus type

A
  • –mechanoreceptors (touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, itch
  • –thermoreceptors: temp
  • –photoreceptors: light
  • –chemoreceptors: chem (smell, taste, blood)
  • –nocioeptors: pain
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4
Q

sensory receptors by location

A 
Exteroceptors:
-touch, pressure, pain, temp
-include special sense
-stimuli arising outside body
Interoceptors
-within body
-internal viscera, blood vessels
-chem changes, stretch, temp
Proprioceptors:
-respond to degree of stretch
-where one is
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5
Q

Sensory receptors by complexity

A

Simple:
-unencapsulated: free nerve endings (nocioreceptors, most proprioreceptors)
-encapsulated: specialized structures for particular sensing stimulus (exteroreceptors, most mechanoreceptors, corpuscles)
Complex:
-Special sense organs

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6
Q

Sensation

A

awareness of changes

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7
Q

Perception

A

Conscious interpretation of stimuli

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8
Q

Somatosensory system

A

Receptor level: sensor receptors
Circuit level: ascending pathways
Perceptual level: neuronal circuits in cerebral corex

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9
Q

Receptor-level processing

A
  • receptive field stimulated
  • Stimulus energy converted into graded potential
  • must reach generator potential (threshold) for action potential
  • Adaptation: unchanging stimulus (pain receptors and proprioceptors do not adapt)
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10
Q

Circuit level processing

A

-conducting sensory impulses toward brain
First-order Neurons:
-sensory neurons themselves
-dorsal root/cranial ganglia to spinal cord/brain stem
Second order neurons
-dorsal horn of spinal cord/medullary nuclei to thalamus/cerebellum
Third order Neurons
-thalmus to somatosensory cortex of cerebrum

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11
Q

Sensory perception

A

Perceptual detection: detecting that stimulus has occurred, summation
Magnitude estimation
Spacial discrimination: site/pattern
Feature abstraction: texture, shape
Quality discrimination: submodalities of sensation (sour/sweet)
Pattern recognition (like melody, familiar face)

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12
Q

Nerve

A

-PNS axon enclosed by connective tissue
-Connective tissue coverings include:
Endoneurium (loose, surrounds axon)
Perineurium (course, bundles fibers into fascicles)
Epineurium (tough, fibrous sheath around nerve)

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13
Q

Classification of nerves

A

Sensory: afferent, to CNS
Motor: efferent, from CNS
-Mixed: most common, contains both fibers

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14
Q

Nerve fiber damage

A
  • serious because AMITOTIC (don’t divide)
  • if soma is intact, can be repaired
  • macrophages: remove debris
  • Schwann cells: regeneration tube, secrete growth factors
  • axons: regenerate damaged part
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15
Q

Parasympathetic autonomic nervous system; parasympathetic ANS

A
  • 4 of the 12 cranial nerves

- serve internal organs and glands

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16
Q

Cranial nerve 1: olfactory

A
  • terminate in primary olfactory cortex

- carries afferent impulses for sense of smell

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17
Q

Cranial nerve 2: optic

A
  • from retina
  • converge at optic chiasm
  • synapse at visual cortex
  • carries afferent impulses for vision
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18
Q

Cranial nerve 3: oculomotor

A
  • from ventral midbrain to extrinsic eye muscles

- raising eyelid, directing eyeball, constricting iris, controlling lens shape

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19
Q

cranial nerve 4: trochlear nerve

A
  • from dorsal midbrain to superior oblique muscle
  • motor nerve
  • directs eyeball
20
Q

Cranial nerve 5: trigerminal

A

-sensory impulses from face to motor fibers for mastication (chewing)

21
Q

Cranial nerve 6: abducens

A
  • inferior pons to orbit
  • motor nerve
  • lateral rectus muscle of eye
22
Q

Cranial nerve 7: facial nerve

A
  • facial expression
  • lacrimal (eye, tears) and salivary glands
  • taste
  • mixed nerve
23
Q

Cranial nerve 8: vestibulocochlear

A
  • inner ear
  • cochlear (hearing) and vestibular (balance, equilibrium)
  • solely sensory
24
Q

Cranial nerve 9: glossopharyngeal

A
  • mixed nerve
  • motor: tongue, pharynx, parotid salivary gland
  • sensory: taste, general sensory impulses from tongue and pharynx
25
Q

Cranial nerve 10: vagus nerve

A
  • only cranial nerve that extends beyond head and neck
  • mixed nerve
  • most motor=parasympathetic to heart, lungs, and visceral organs
  • sensory: taste
26
Q

Cranial nerve 11: accessory nerve

A
  • motor nerve
  • fibers to larynx, pharynx, soft palate
  • innervates trapezius, sternocleidomastoid (move head and neck)
27
Q

Cranial nerve 12: hypoglossal nerve

A
  • extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue

- swallowing and speech

28
Q

about spinal nerves

A

31 mixed nerves
Each connects to spinal cord with two medial roots
–ventral roots: from anterior horn, contain motor (efferent) fibers
–dorsal roots: from dorsal root ganglion, contain sensory (afferent) fibers

29
Q

the different types of spinal nerves

A 
Named by where they leave vertebral column:
8 Cervical: C1-C8
12 Thoracic: T1-T12 (intercostal nerves)
5 Lumbar: L1-L5
5 Sacral: S1-15
1 Coccygeal: C0
30
Q

Rami of spinal nerves

A
  • short spinal nerves branch into 3 or 4 mixed rami
  • small dorsal ramus
  • larger ventral ramus
  • tiny meningeal branh
  • Rami communicantes at base of ventral rami in thoracic (ANS fibers)
31
Q

Nerve plexi

A
  • all ventral rami except T2-T12
  • damage to single spinal segment does not completely paralyze a muscle because muscle receives nerve fibers from more than one
32
Q

intercostal nerves

A

supply muscles of the ribs, anterolateral thorax, and abdominal wall

33
Q

Cervical plexus

A
  • most important nerve is the phrenic nerve: major motor and sensory nerve of diaphragm
  • Ventral rami of C1-C4
34
Q

Brachial plexus

A
  • C5-C8 and T1

- nerves that innervate upper limbs

35
Q

Lumbar plexus

A
  • L1-L4
  • innervates thigh, abdominal wall, psoas muscle
  • major nerves: femoral and obturator
  • lumbarsacral plexus: many fibers of lumbar contribute to sacral plexus
36
Q

Sacral plexus

A

L4-S4

  • major nerve is sciatic: longest and thickest
  • Sciatic is composed of two nerves: tibial and fibular
37
Q

Dermatomes

A

map constructed out of sensations: corresponding to origins of nerve fibers

38
Q

reflex

A

-rapid, predictable motor response to stimulus
-inborn (intrinsic) or learned (acquired)
CNS
a. brain
b. spinal cord —> REFLEX ACTIONS

39
Q

Reflex arc (circuit)

A
  1. receptor: site of stimulus
  2. sensory neuron: transmits afferent impulse to CNS
  3. integration center
  4. motor neuron: conducts efferent impulses from to effector
  5. effector: muscle fiber or gland corresponding to efferent impulse
40
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A
  • skeletal muscles
  • proprioceptors
  • level of tension
41
Q

Muscle spindles

A
  • skeletal muscles
  • length of muscles
  • made of intrafusal fibers (do not have myofilaments, no force generation, stretch receptors)
  • primary sensory endings: type Ia fibers OR
  • secondary sensory endings: type II fibers
42
Q

muscle spindle operation

A
  • activated by stretching
  • increased rate of action potential output from Ia fibers
  • shortening (contracting) muscles reduces tension (gamma motor nerve fibers)
43
Q

stretch reflex

A
  • activates muscle spindles

- ex: patellar reflex (quadriceps contract, antagonistic hamstrings relax)

44
Q

flexor/crossed extensor reflex

A
  • stimulated side is withdrawn

- contralateral side is extended

45
Q

plantar reflex

A
  • a superficial reflex
  • stimulating lateral aspect of sole of foot
  • normal response, downward flexion of toes
  • indirectly tests for proper coritcospinal tract functioning
  • Babinski’s sign: abnormal, damage where great toe dorsiflexes and smaller toes fan laterally

Anatomy + Physiology NURS (10 decks)

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