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Anatomy + Physiology NURS > Chapter 10: Muscular System > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

do muscles push or pull?

A

only pull

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2
Q

how many muscles in human body

A

approx 600

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3
Q

functions of muscle

A
  • move body parts
  • move contents of organs (smooth and cardiac)
  • posture and prevent movement
  • communication
  • body openings
  • heat production
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4
Q

prime movers

A

muscles that provide major force for producing a specific movement

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5
Q

antagonists

A

muscles that oppose or reverse a movement

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6
Q

synergists

A

muscles that add force to a movement
reduce undesireable/unnecessary movement
*fixers: synergists that immobilize a bone or muscle’s origin

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7
Q

muscles can be organized by

A
  • location
  • shape
  • relative size (maximus vs minimus vs longus)
  • direction of fibers
  • number of origins
  • location of attachments
  • action
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8
Q

fascicles

A

-bundles of myocytes surrounded by perimysium membrane

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9
Q

parallel fascicles

A

run parallel to long axis of muscle

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10
Q

fusiform fascicles

A

spindle shaped muscles (biceps brachii)

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11
Q

pennate fascicles

A

short fascicles that attach obliquely to central tendon running length of muscle

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12
Q

convergent fascicles

A

converge from a broad origin to a single tendon insertion

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13
Q

circular fascicles

A

fascicles are arranged in concentric rings

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14
Q

direct muscle attachment

A
  • epimysium of muscle is continuous with periosteum of bone

- relatively uncommon (intercostal muscles)

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15
Q

indirect muscle attachment

A
  • epimysium collects into a tendon or aponeurosis that attaches to periosteum via perforating fibers
  • most common
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16
Q

intrinsic muscles

A

contained within region moved by their contraction

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17
Q

extrinsic muscles

A

muscles move body parts outside of region where they are found

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18
Q

lever

A

rigid bar that moves on a fulcrum (fixed point)

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19
Q

effort

A

force applied to a lever

20
Q

load

A

resistance moved by effort

21
Q

interactions between effort, length, and load

A
  1. effort x length of effort arm = load x length of load arm

2. (force x distance) = (resistance x distance)

22
Q

power lever

A

lever operates at mechanical advantage

23
Q

speed lever

A

lever operates at mechanical disadvantage

24
Q

first class lever system

A

fulcrum is between load and effort (like raising head off chest)

25
Q

second class lever system

A

load is between fulcrum and effort (standing on tip toe)

26
Q

third class lever system

A

effort applied between fulcrum and load

27
Q

epicranius aka

occipitofrontalis

A 
bipartite muscle
-frontalis
-occipitalis
along with galea aponeurotica: cranial aponeurosis connecting the muscles
move scalp forward and backward
cranial nerve VII (facial nerve)
insert in skin (instead of bone)
28
Q

grinding muscles

A

lateral pterygoid

medial pterygoid

29
Q

major head flexor

A

-sternocleidomastoid

30
Q

synergists to head flexion

A

suprahyoid and infrahyoid

31
Q

lateral head movements

A

sternocleidomastoid and scalene

32
Q

head extension

A

splenius muscles and trapezius muscles

33
Q

erector spinae

A
  • prime mover of back extension
  • three columns on each side of vertebrae:
    1. ilicostalis
    2. longissimus
    3. spinalis
34
Q

deep thoracic muscles

A

movement for breathing
1. external intercostals: inspiration
superficial layer, lifts rib cage and increases thoracic volume
2. internal intercostals: expiration
deeper layer
3. diaphragm: most important for inspiration at rest

35
Q

abdominal wall

A

internal and external obliques
transversus abdominis and rectus abdominis
run at right and oblique angles, strength

36
Q

pectoralis major

A

arm flexion

37
Q

latissimus dorsi and deltoid

A

arm extension

38
Q

middle fibers of deltoid

A

arm abduction

39
Q

rotator cuff muscles

A

reinforce capsule of shoulder

secondarily act as synergists and fixators

40
Q

forearm extension

A

triceps brachii

41
Q

forearm flexion

A

brachialis
biceps brachii
act as synergist, stabilize elbow

42
Q

small muscles in palm of hand

A

control precise movements
main abductors and adductors
produce opposition, move thumb toward little finger

43
Q

thigh flexors

A

hamstring muscles

  • biceps femoris
  • semitendinosus
  • semimembranosus
44
Q

extensor of knee

A

quadriceps femoris

45
Q

evert foot

A

lateral compartment muscles
fibularis longus
fibularis brevis

46
Q

flex food and toes

A 
posterior compartment muscles
=gastrocnemius
-soleus
-tibialis posterior
-flexor digitorum longus
-flexor hallucis longus

Anatomy + Physiology NURS (10 decks)

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