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Anatomy + Physiology NURS > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

takes up space and has mass

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2
Q

Energy

A

the capacity to put matter into motion; kinetic (action) vs potential (of position, stored/inactive)

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3
Q

Energy conversion

A

easily converted between kinetic and potential, but some is “lost” as heat

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4
Q

Chemical energy

A

stored in chemical bonds

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5
Q

Electrical energy

A

results from movement of charged particles

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6
Q

Radiant (electromagnetic) energy

A

energy traveling in waves (ie visible light, uv light, x rays)

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7
Q

Elements

A

unique substances, cannot be broken down by ordinary chem means

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8
Q

Atoms

A

identical building blocks of elements

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9
Q

Atomic symbol

A

shorthand for each element

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10
Q

Major elements in body

A

Oxygen, Carbon (organic molecules have carbon), Hydrogen, and Nitrogen

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11
Q

Minor elements

A

3.9% of body: Ca, K, Na, P, S, Cl, Mg, I, Fe

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12
Q

Trace elements

A

less than .01% of body; required in minute amounts; assist enzymes in carrying out catalytic chem reactions

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13
Q

Atomic number

A

equal to number of protons

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14
Q

Mass number

A

equal to mass of protons and neutrons

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15
Q

Atomic weight

A

average of mass numbers of all isotopes

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16
Q

Isotope

A

atoms have same number of protons but diff number of neutrons

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17
Q

Radioisotopes

A

atoms that undergo spontaneous decay called radioactivity

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18
Q

Stable isotopes

A

do not change

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19
Q

Radioactive isotope

A

change by decay over time to most stable form ; half life=time for half of isotope atoms to decay

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20
Q

Molecule

A

two or more atoms held together by chem bonds (more inclusive

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21
Q

Compound

A

two or more diff kinds of atoms chem bonded together; cannot be separated by physical means; homogenous

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22
Q

mixtures

A

two or more components physically intermixed NOT chemically bonded; most can be separated by physical means

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23
Q

Solutions

A

homogeneous mixtures of components; solutes in solvents

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24
Q

Mole

A

equal to element’s atomic or molecular weight in grams; molarity = moles per liter (M)

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25
Electron shells
energy levels that surround nucleus of atom
26
Bonds
formed using electrons in outermost energy level (valence shell)
27
Octet rule
first shell is full with 2 electrons, but after that, atoms interact to have eight electrons in their valence shell
28
Chemically reactive elements
do not have full valence shell, will form compounds
29
Covalent Bond
Share electrons, produces molecules
30
Ionic bond
Transfer one or more electrons, form crystals instead of individual molecules (ex NaCl)
31
Anion
ion that gained one or more electron
32
Cation
ion that lost one or more electron
33
Nonpolar molecule
electrons shared equally between molecules
34
polar molecule
electrons are shared unequally
35
electronegative
atoms with six or seven valence shell electrons
36
electropositive
atoms with one or two valence shell electrons
37
Hydrogen bonds
too week to bind atoms; common in dipoles such as water; INTRAMOLECULAR BOND; surface tension in water
38
Exchange chemical reaction
bonds are both made and broken
39
Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) chem reaction
electron donors (reactants losing electrons) are oxidized; electron acceptors (reactants adding electrons) are reduced
40
Exergonic (exothermic) reactions
reactions that release energy
41
endergonic (endothermic) reactions
reactions that require energy input (products contain more potential energy than reactants)
42
Chemical equilibrium
when in chemical reactions the rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal; usually one way is favored (ex: exergonic is favored)
43
Increase in temperature affects reaction rate how?
increase in temp, faster reaction rate
44
Increase in particle size affects reaction rate how?
increase in particle size, slower reaction rate
45
Increase in concentration of reactants affects reaction rate how?
increase in concentration, faster reaction rate
46
Enzymes
biological catalysts (proteins)
47
Organic compounds
contain carbon; atoms covalently bonded, large
48
Inorganic compounds
do not contain carbon; water, salts, many acids/bases
49
Water's heat capacity
HIGH: absorbs/releases large amounts of heat before changing temperature
50
Water's polar solvent properties
dissolves ionic and polar substances; forms hydrogen layers around large/uncharged molecules; major transport medium
51
Water's reactivity
reactant/product in hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions
52
Water's cushioning
Resilient cushion around certain body organs
53
Electrolytes
inorganic salt compounds; conduct electrical currents; ionic compounds that contain cations other than H+ and anions other than OH-
54
Acids
inorganic compound; release H+ *proton donors*, higher H+ concentration, therefore lower pH
55
Bases
inorganic compound; release OH- *proton acceptors* higher than 7 pH, "alkaline solutions"
56
Neutral pH
7.00, H+ = OH-
57
Buffers
chemical systems that resist swings in pH; example: carbonic acid-bicarbonate system
58
Organic Compounds
most molecules in living organisms; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids; cellular fuel for energy production; contain C, H, and O
59
Monosaccharides
simple sugar, carbohydrate
60
Disaccharide
2 monosaccharides linked by covalent bond
61
Lipids
organic, proportion of oxygen is lower, nonpolar (not soluble in water), examples: phospholipids, steroids, tryglycerides
62
Triglycerides
Lipid, 3 fatty acids covalently bonded to glycerol molecule
63
Phospholipids
lipid, diglyceride with 2 fatty acids and a polar phosphate-containing head group; double bond=unsaturated fat, no double bond=saturated
64
Steroids
lipid, flat molecule, four interlocking hydrocarbon rings chemically modified with substituents
65
proteins
organic compound, linear polymers of amino acids (20), 10-30% of cell mass, variety of roles (structural, enzymes, transport, movement, etc);
66
Amino acids
amine group (NH2) and a carboxylic acid group (COOH), linked by polypeptide bonds to form proteins; distinct side chain--> diff protein
67
Levels of protein structure
Primary: amino acid sequence Secondary: alpha helices or beta pleated sheets, limited length Tertiary: 3D folding of secondary strutures Quaternary: more than 1 protein chain associated together to form single complete functional unit
68
Fibrous proteins (grouped by shape)
extended, strandlike; skin, connective tissue (ie keratin, collagen)
69
Globular proteins (grouped by shape)
compact, spherical, tertiary and quarternary structures (ie antibodies, hormones, enzymes)
70
Denaturation
when proteins lose native structure, usually due to chem or phys changes like pH or increased temp, can be reversible if not completely unfolded
71
Enzymes
usually globular proteins, act as biological catalysts, mostly consist of apoenzyme (protein) and cofactor (ion); catalyze very specific chem reactions; end in -ase; catalyze by lowering activation energy required
72
Nucleic Acids
C, O, H, N, and P; made of nucleotides
73
Nucleotide
made of N-containing base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group; bases in nucleotides: Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), and Thymine (T)
74
DNA nucleotides
have sugar deoxyribose; specific pairings for double strand: As and Ts, Cs and Gs
75
RNA nucleic acids
single stranded nucleic acid molecules found in both nucleus and cytoplasm; U instead of T; mRNA, tRNA, rRNA; transcribed from DNA sequence of genes into protein (translation)
76
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
energy currency, adenine RNA nucleotide with 3 phosphate groups, take away phosphate group for ADP

Anatomy + Physiology NURS (10 decks)

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