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Anatomy + Physiology NURS > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

takes up space and has mass

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2
Q

Energy

A

the capacity to put matter into motion; kinetic (action) vs potential (of position, stored/inactive)

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3
Q

Energy conversion

A

easily converted between kinetic and potential, but some is “lost” as heat

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4
Q

Chemical energy

A

stored in chemical bonds

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5
Q

Electrical energy

A

results from movement of charged particles

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6
Q

Radiant (electromagnetic) energy

A

energy traveling in waves (ie visible light, uv light, x rays)

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7
Q

Elements

A

unique substances, cannot be broken down by ordinary chem means

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8
Q

Atoms

A

identical building blocks of elements

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9
Q

Atomic symbol

A

shorthand for each element

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10
Q

Major elements in body

A

Oxygen, Carbon (organic molecules have carbon), Hydrogen, and Nitrogen

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11
Q

Minor elements

A

3.9% of body: Ca, K, Na, P, S, Cl, Mg, I, Fe

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12
Q

Trace elements

A

less than .01% of body; required in minute amounts; assist enzymes in carrying out catalytic chem reactions

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13
Q

Atomic number

A

equal to number of protons

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14
Q

Mass number

A

equal to mass of protons and neutrons

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15
Q

Atomic weight

A

average of mass numbers of all isotopes

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16
Q

Isotope

A

atoms have same number of protons but diff number of neutrons

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17
Q

Radioisotopes

A

atoms that undergo spontaneous decay called radioactivity

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18
Q

Stable isotopes

A

do not change

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19
Q

Radioactive isotope

A

change by decay over time to most stable form ; half life=time for half of isotope atoms to decay

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20
Q

Molecule

A

two or more atoms held together by chem bonds (more inclusive

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21
Q

Compound

A

two or more diff kinds of atoms chem bonded together; cannot be separated by physical means; homogenous

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22
Q

mixtures

A

two or more components physically intermixed NOT chemically bonded; most can be separated by physical means

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23
Q

Solutions

A

homogeneous mixtures of components; solutes in solvents

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24
Q

Mole

A

equal to element’s atomic or molecular weight in grams; molarity = moles per liter (M)

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25
Q

Electron shells

A

energy levels that surround nucleus of atom

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26
Q

Bonds

A

formed using electrons in outermost energy level (valence shell)

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27
Q

Octet rule

A

first shell is full with 2 electrons, but after that, atoms interact to have eight electrons in their valence shell

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28
Q

Chemically reactive elements

A

do not have full valence shell, will form compounds

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29
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Share electrons, produces molecules

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30
Q

Ionic bond

A

Transfer one or more electrons, form crystals instead of individual molecules (ex NaCl)

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31
Q

Anion

A

ion that gained one or more electron

32
Q

Cation

A

ion that lost one or more electron

33
Q

Nonpolar molecule

A

electrons shared equally between molecules

34
Q

polar molecule

A

electrons are shared unequally

35
Q

electronegative

A

atoms with six or seven valence shell electrons

36
Q

electropositive

A

atoms with one or two valence shell electrons

37
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

too week to bind atoms; common in dipoles such as water; INTRAMOLECULAR BOND; surface tension in water

38
Q

Exchange chemical reaction

A

bonds are both made and broken

39
Q

Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) chem reaction

A

electron donors (reactants losing electrons) are oxidized; electron acceptors (reactants adding electrons) are reduced

40
Q

Exergonic (exothermic) reactions

A

reactions that release energy

41
Q

endergonic (endothermic) reactions

A

reactions that require energy input (products contain more potential energy than reactants)

42
Q

Chemical equilibrium

A

when in chemical reactions the rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal; usually one way is favored (ex: exergonic is favored)

43
Q

Increase in temperature affects reaction rate how?

A

increase in temp, faster reaction rate

44
Q

Increase in particle size affects reaction rate how?

A

increase in particle size, slower reaction rate

45
Q

Increase in concentration of reactants affects reaction rate how?

A

increase in concentration, faster reaction rate

46
Q

Enzymes

A

biological catalysts (proteins)

47
Q

Organic compounds

A

contain carbon; atoms covalently bonded, large

48
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

do not contain carbon; water, salts, many acids/bases

49
Q

Water’s heat capacity

A

HIGH: absorbs/releases large amounts of heat before changing temperature

50
Q

Water’s polar solvent properties

A

dissolves ionic and polar substances; forms hydrogen layers around large/uncharged molecules; major transport medium

51
Q

Water’s reactivity

A

reactant/product in hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions

52
Q

Water’s cushioning

A

Resilient cushion around certain body organs

53
Q

Electrolytes

A

inorganic salt compounds; conduct electrical currents; ionic compounds that contain cations other than H+ and anions other than OH-

54
Q

Acids

A

inorganic compound; release H+ proton donors, higher H+ concentration, therefore lower pH

55
Q

Bases

A

inorganic compound; release OH- proton acceptors higher than 7 pH, “alkaline solutions”

56
Q

Neutral pH

A

7.00, H+ = OH-

57
Q

Buffers

A

chemical systems that resist swings in pH; example: carbonic acid-bicarbonate system

58
Q

Organic Compounds

A

most molecules in living organisms; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids; cellular fuel for energy production; contain C, H, and O

59
Q

Monosaccharides

A

simple sugar, carbohydrate

60
Q

Disaccharide

A

2 monosaccharides linked by covalent bond

61
Q

Lipids

A

organic, proportion of oxygen is lower, nonpolar (not soluble in water), examples: phospholipids, steroids, tryglycerides

62
Q

Triglycerides

A

Lipid, 3 fatty acids covalently bonded to glycerol molecule

63
Q

Phospholipids

A

lipid, diglyceride with 2 fatty acids and a polar phosphate-containing head group; double bond=unsaturated fat, no double bond=saturated

64
Q

Steroids

A

lipid, flat molecule, four interlocking hydrocarbon rings chemically modified with substituents

65
Q

proteins

A

organic compound, linear polymers of amino acids (20), 10-30% of cell mass, variety of roles (structural, enzymes, transport, movement, etc);

66
Q

Amino acids

A

amine group (NH2) and a carboxylic acid group (COOH), linked by polypeptide bonds to form proteins; distinct side chain–> diff protein

67
Q

Levels of protein structure

A

Primary: amino acid sequence
Secondary: alpha helices or beta pleated sheets, limited length
Tertiary: 3D folding of secondary strutures
Quaternary: more than 1 protein chain associated together to form single complete functional unit

68
Q

Fibrous proteins (grouped by shape)

A

extended, strandlike; skin, connective tissue (ie keratin, collagen)

69
Q

Globular proteins (grouped by shape)

A

compact, spherical, tertiary and quarternary structures (ie antibodies, hormones, enzymes)

70
Q

Denaturation

A

when proteins lose native structure, usually due to chem or phys changes like pH or increased temp, can be reversible if not completely unfolded

71
Q

Enzymes

A

usually globular proteins, act as biological catalysts, mostly consist of apoenzyme (protein) and cofactor (ion); catalyze very specific chem reactions; end in -ase; catalyze by lowering activation energy required

72
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

C, O, H, N, and P; made of nucleotides

73
Q

Nucleotide

A

made of N-containing base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group; bases in nucleotides: Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), and Thymine (T)

74
Q

DNA nucleotides

A

have sugar deoxyribose; specific pairings for double strand: As and Ts, Cs and Gs

75
Q

RNA nucleic acids

A

single stranded nucleic acid molecules found in both nucleus and cytoplasm; U instead of T; mRNA, tRNA, rRNA; transcribed from DNA sequence of genes into protein (translation)

76
Q

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

A

energy currency, adenine RNA nucleotide with 3 phosphate groups, take away phosphate group for ADP

Anatomy + Physiology NURS (10 decks)

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