Chapter 8 Flashcards
emotion
a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity
- emotional experiences have 2 dimensions: arousal and valence
- produced by complex interaction of limbic and cortical structures
- stimulus sent simultaneously to the amygdala (makes quick appraisal of stimulus’s goodness/badness) and the cortex (slower/more comprehensive analysis of stimulus)
- cause expressions
James-Lange theory
the theory that a stimulus triggers activity in the body, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain
- emotional experience is a consequence, not causation, of our physiological reactions to the world
- stimulus causes a physiological reaction which leads to an emotional experience
Cannon-Bard theory
the theory that a stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the body and emotional experience in the brain
- stimulus causes both an emotional experience and a physiological rxn simultaneously
two-factor theory
the theory that emotions are based on inferences about the causes of physiological arousal
- stimulus causes undifferentiated physiological arousal about which people draw inferences
appraisal
an evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus
emotional regulation
the strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience
reappraisal
changing one’s emotional experience by changing the way one thinks about the emotion-eliciting stimulus
- one of most effective strategies for emotion regulation
emotional expression
an observable sign of an emotional state
universality hypothesis
emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone
facial feedback hypothesis
emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify
display rule
a norm for the appropriate expression of emotion
- obeying a display rule requires several techniques
a) intensification
b) deintensification
c) masking
d) neutralizing
sincere vs insincere facial expressions
a) morphology
b) symmetry
c) masking
d) neutralizing
motivation
the purpose for or psychological cause of an action
hedonic principle
the claim that people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain
homeostasis
the tendency for a system to take action to keep itself in a particular state
drive
an internal state caused by physiological needs
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of being fat and severe restriction of food intake
metabolism
the rate at which energy is used by the body
human sexual response cycle
the stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity
- excitement phase: muscle tension and blood flow in and around sexual organs
- plateau phase: heart rate and muscle tension increase further
- orgasm phase
- resolution phase: muscles relax, blood pressure drops, body returns to its resting state
intrinsic motivation
a motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding
extrinsic motivation
a motivation to take actions that lead to reward
conscious motivations
motivations of which people are aware
unconscious motivations
motivations of which people are not aware
need for achievement
the motivation to solve worthwhile problems
approach motivation
a motivation to experience a positive outcome
avoidance motivation
a motivation not to experience a negative outcome
terror management theory
the theory that people cope with their existential terror by developing a “cultural worldview”
Emotions can be described by their location on the two dimensions of
a. motivation and scaling
b. arousal and valence
c. stimulus and reaction
d. pain and pleasure
b. arousal and valence
Which theorists claimed that that a stimulus simultaneously causes both an emotional experience and a physiological reaction?
a. Cannon and Bard
b. James and Lange
c. Schacter and Singer
d. Kluver and Bucy
a. Cannon and Bard
Which brain structure is most directly involved in the rapid appraisal of whether a stimulus is good or bad?
a. the cortex
b. the hypothalamus
c. the amygdala
d. the thalamus
c. the amygdala
Through _____, we change an emotional experience by changing the meaning of the emotion-eliciting stimulus.
a. deactivation
b. appraisal
c. valence
d. reappraisal
d. reappraisal
Which of the following does NOT provide any support for the universality hypothesis?
a. Congenitally blind people make the facial expressions associated with the basic emotions.
b. Infants only days old react to bitter tastes with expressions of disgust.
c. Robots have been engineered to exhibit emotional expressions.
d. Researchers have discovered that isolated people living a Stone Age existence with little contact with the outside world recognize the emotional expressions of Westerners
c. Robots have been engineered to exhibit emotional expressions.
_____ is the idea that emotional expressions can cause emotional experiences.
a. a display rule
b. expressional deception
c. the universality hypothesis
d. the facial feedback hypothesis
d. the facial feedback hypothesis
Two friends have asked you to help them settle a disagreement. You hear each side of the story and have an emotional response to one viewpoint, but you don’t express it. This is an example of which display rule?
a. deintensification
b. masking
c. neutralizing
d. intensification
c. neutralizing
Which of the following does NOT distinguish sincere from insincere expressions?
a. temporal patterning
b. duration
c. symmetry
d. levity
a. temporal patterning
Which of the following statements is inaccurate?
a. Certain facial muscles are reliably engaged by sincere facial expressions
b. Even when people smile bravely to mask disappointment, their faces tend to express small bursts of disappointment
c. Studies show that human lie detection ability is extremely good
d. Polygraph machines detect lies at a rate better than chance, but their error rate is still quite high
c. Studies show that human lie detection ability is extremely good
The hedonic principle states that
a. emotions provide people with information
b. people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain
c. people use their moods as information about the likelihood of succeeding at a task
d. motivations are acquired solely throughout experience
b. people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain
According to the early psychologists, an unlearned tendency to seek a particular goal is called
a. an instinct
b. a drive
c. a motivation
d. a corrective action
a. an instinct
According to Maslow, our most basic needs are
a. self-actualization and self-esteem
b. biological
c. unimportant until other needs are met
d. belongingness and love
b. biological
Which of the following is NOT a dimension on which psychological motivations vary?
a. intrinsic-extrinsic
b. conscious-unconscious
c. avoid-approach
d. appraisal-reappraisal
d. appraisal-reappraisal
Which of the following statements is true?
a. Men and women engage in sex for many of the same reasons
b. Boys and girls experience initial sexual interest at different ages
c. The sequence of physiological arousal for men and women differs dramatically
d. The human male sex drive is regulated by testosterone while the human female sex drive is regulated by estrogen
a. Men and women engage in sex for many of the same reasons
Which of the following activities is most likely the result of extrinsic motivation?
a. completing a crossword puzzle
b. pursuing in career as a musician
c. having ice cream for dessert
d. flossing one’s teeth
d. flossing one’s teeth
