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PSYCH 1101 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

emotion

A

a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity

  • emotional experiences have 2 dimensions: arousal and valence
  • produced by complex interaction of limbic and cortical structures
  • stimulus sent simultaneously to the amygdala (makes quick appraisal of stimulus’s goodness/badness) and the cortex (slower/more comprehensive analysis of stimulus)
  • cause expressions
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2
Q

James-Lange theory

A

the theory that a stimulus triggers activity in the body, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain

  • emotional experience is a consequence, not causation, of our physiological reactions to the world
  • stimulus causes a physiological reaction which leads to an emotional experience
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3
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

the theory that a stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the body and emotional experience in the brain
- stimulus causes both an emotional experience and a physiological rxn simultaneously

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4
Q

two-factor theory

A

the theory that emotions are based on inferences about the causes of physiological arousal
- stimulus causes undifferentiated physiological arousal about which people draw inferences

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5
Q

appraisal

A

an evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus

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6
Q

emotional regulation

A

the strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience

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7
Q

reappraisal

A

changing one’s emotional experience by changing the way one thinks about the emotion-eliciting stimulus
- one of most effective strategies for emotion regulation

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8
Q

emotional expression

A

an observable sign of an emotional state

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9
Q

universality hypothesis

A

emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone

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10
Q

facial feedback hypothesis

A

emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify

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11
Q

display rule

A

a norm for the appropriate expression of emotion

  • obeying a display rule requires several techniques
    a) intensification
    b) deintensification
    c) masking
    d) neutralizing
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12
Q

sincere vs insincere facial expressions

A

a) morphology
b) symmetry
c) masking
d) neutralizing

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13
Q

motivation

A

the purpose for or psychological cause of an action

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14
Q

hedonic principle

A

the claim that people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain

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15
Q

homeostasis

A

the tendency for a system to take action to keep itself in a particular state

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16
Q

drive

A

an internal state caused by physiological needs

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17
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging

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18
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of being fat and severe restriction of food intake

19
Q

metabolism

A

the rate at which energy is used by the body

20
Q

human sexual response cycle

A

the stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity

  • excitement phase: muscle tension and blood flow in and around sexual organs
  • plateau phase: heart rate and muscle tension increase further
  • orgasm phase
  • resolution phase: muscles relax, blood pressure drops, body returns to its resting state
21
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

a motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding

22
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

a motivation to take actions that lead to reward

23
Q

conscious motivations

A

motivations of which people are aware

24
Q

unconscious motivations

A

motivations of which people are not aware

25
Q

need for achievement

A

the motivation to solve worthwhile problems

26
Q

approach motivation

A

a motivation to experience a positive outcome

27
Q

avoidance motivation

A

a motivation not to experience a negative outcome

28
Q

terror management theory

A

the theory that people cope with their existential terror by developing a “cultural worldview”

29
Q

Emotions can be described by their location on the two dimensions of

a. motivation and scaling
b. arousal and valence
c. stimulus and reaction
d. pain and pleasure

A

b. arousal and valence

30
Q

Which theorists claimed that that a stimulus simultaneously causes both an emotional experience and a physiological reaction?

a. Cannon and Bard
b. James and Lange
c. Schacter and Singer
d. Kluver and Bucy

A

a. Cannon and Bard

31
Q

Which brain structure is most directly involved in the rapid appraisal of whether a stimulus is good or bad?

a. the cortex
b. the hypothalamus
c. the amygdala
d. the thalamus

A

c. the amygdala

32
Q

Through _____, we change an emotional experience by changing the meaning of the emotion-eliciting stimulus.

a. deactivation
b. appraisal
c. valence
d. reappraisal

A

d. reappraisal

33
Q

Which of the following does NOT provide any support for the universality hypothesis?

a. Congenitally blind people make the facial expressions associated with the basic emotions.
b. Infants only days old react to bitter tastes with expressions of disgust.
c. Robots have been engineered to exhibit emotional expressions.
d. Researchers have discovered that isolated people living a Stone Age existence with little contact with the outside world recognize the emotional expressions of Westerners

A

c. Robots have been engineered to exhibit emotional expressions.

34
Q

_____ is the idea that emotional expressions can cause emotional experiences.

a. a display rule
b. expressional deception
c. the universality hypothesis
d. the facial feedback hypothesis

A

d. the facial feedback hypothesis

35
Q

Two friends have asked you to help them settle a disagreement. You hear each side of the story and have an emotional response to one viewpoint, but you don’t express it. This is an example of which display rule?

a. deintensification
b. masking
c. neutralizing
d. intensification

A

c. neutralizing

36
Q

Which of the following does NOT distinguish sincere from insincere expressions?

a. temporal patterning
b. duration
c. symmetry
d. levity

A

a. temporal patterning

37
Q

Which of the following statements is inaccurate?

a. Certain facial muscles are reliably engaged by sincere facial expressions
b. Even when people smile bravely to mask disappointment, their faces tend to express small bursts of disappointment
c. Studies show that human lie detection ability is extremely good
d. Polygraph machines detect lies at a rate better than chance, but their error rate is still quite high

A

c. Studies show that human lie detection ability is extremely good

38
Q

The hedonic principle states that

a. emotions provide people with information
b. people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain
c. people use their moods as information about the likelihood of succeeding at a task
d. motivations are acquired solely throughout experience

A

b. people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain

39
Q

According to the early psychologists, an unlearned tendency to seek a particular goal is called

a. an instinct
b. a drive
c. a motivation
d. a corrective action

A

a. an instinct

40
Q

According to Maslow, our most basic needs are

a. self-actualization and self-esteem
b. biological
c. unimportant until other needs are met
d. belongingness and love

A

b. biological

41
Q

Which of the following is NOT a dimension on which psychological motivations vary?

a. intrinsic-extrinsic
b. conscious-unconscious
c. avoid-approach
d. appraisal-reappraisal

A

d. appraisal-reappraisal

42
Q

Which of the following statements is true?

a. Men and women engage in sex for many of the same reasons
b. Boys and girls experience initial sexual interest at different ages
c. The sequence of physiological arousal for men and women differs dramatically
d. The human male sex drive is regulated by testosterone while the human female sex drive is regulated by estrogen

A

a. Men and women engage in sex for many of the same reasons

43
Q

Which of the following activities is most likely the result of extrinsic motivation?

a. completing a crossword puzzle
b. pursuing in career as a musician
c. having ice cream for dessert
d. flossing one’s teeth

A

d. flossing one’s teeth

PSYCH 1101 (12 decks)

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