Chapter 8

Question 1

emotion

Answer 1

a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity

• emotional experiences have 2 dimensions: arousal and valence
• produced by complex interaction of limbic and cortical structures
• stimulus sent simultaneously to the amygdala (makes quick appraisal of stimulus’s goodness/badness) and the cortex (slower/more comprehensive analysis of stimulus)
• cause expressions

Question 2

James-Lange theory

Answer 2

the theory that a stimulus triggers activity in the body, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain

• emotional experience is a consequence, not causation, of our physiological reactions to the world
• stimulus causes a physiological reaction which leads to an emotional experience

Question 3

Cannon-Bard theory

Answer 3

the theory that a stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the body and emotional experience in the brain
- stimulus causes both an emotional experience and a physiological rxn simultaneously

Question 4

two-factor theory

Answer 4

the theory that emotions are based on inferences about the causes of physiological arousal
- stimulus causes undifferentiated physiological arousal about which people draw inferences

Question 5

appraisal

Answer 5

an evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus

Question 6

emotional regulation

Answer 6

the strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience

Question 7

reappraisal

Answer 7

changing one’s emotional experience by changing the way one thinks about the emotion-eliciting stimulus
- one of most effective strategies for emotion regulation

Question 8

emotional expression

Answer 8

an observable sign of an emotional state

Question 9

universality hypothesis

Answer 9

emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone

Question 10

facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 10

emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify

Question 11

display rule

Answer 11

a norm for the appropriate expression of emotion

• obeying a display rule requires several techniques
  a) intensification
  b) deintensification
  c) masking
  d) neutralizing

Question 12

sincere vs insincere facial expressions

Answer 12

a) morphology
b) symmetry
c) masking
d) neutralizing

Question 13

motivation

Answer 13

the purpose for or psychological cause of an action

Question 14

hedonic principle

Answer 14

the claim that people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain

Question 15

homeostasis

Answer 15

the tendency for a system to take action to keep itself in a particular state

Question 16

drive

Answer 16

an internal state caused by physiological needs

Question 17

bulimia nervosa

Answer 17

an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging

Question 18

anorexia nervosa

Answer 18

an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of being fat and severe restriction of food intake

Question 19

metabolism

Answer 19

the rate at which energy is used by the body

Question 20

human sexual response cycle

Answer 20

the stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity

• excitement phase: muscle tension and blood flow in and around sexual organs
• plateau phase: heart rate and muscle tension increase further
• orgasm phase
• resolution phase: muscles relax, blood pressure drops, body returns to its resting state

Question 21

intrinsic motivation

Answer 21

a motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding

Question 22

extrinsic motivation

Answer 22

a motivation to take actions that lead to reward

Question 23

conscious motivations

Answer 23

motivations of which people are aware

Question 24

unconscious motivations

Answer 24

motivations of which people are not aware

Question 25

need for achievement

Answer 25

the motivation to solve worthwhile problems

Question 26

approach motivation

Answer 26

a motivation to experience a positive outcome

Question 27

avoidance motivation

Answer 27

a motivation not to experience a negative outcome

Question 28

terror management theory

Answer 28

the theory that people cope with their existential terror by developing a "cultural worldview"

Question 29

Emotions can be described by their location on the two dimensions of a. motivation and scaling b. arousal and valence c. stimulus and reaction d. pain and pleasure

Answer 29

b. arousal and valence

Question 30

Which theorists claimed that that a stimulus simultaneously causes both an emotional experience and a physiological reaction? a. Cannon and Bard b. James and Lange c. Schacter and Singer d. Kluver and Bucy

Answer 30

a. Cannon and Bard

Question 31

Which brain structure is most directly involved in the rapid appraisal of whether a stimulus is good or bad? a. the cortex b. the hypothalamus c. the amygdala d. the thalamus

Answer 31

c. the amygdala

Question 32

Through _____, we change an emotional experience by changing the meaning of the emotion-eliciting stimulus. a. deactivation b. appraisal c. valence d. reappraisal

Answer 32

d. reappraisal

Question 33

Which of the following does NOT provide any support for the universality hypothesis? a. Congenitally blind people make the facial expressions associated with the basic emotions. b. Infants only days old react to bitter tastes with expressions of disgust. c. Robots have been engineered to exhibit emotional expressions. d. Researchers have discovered that isolated people living a Stone Age existence with little contact with the outside world recognize the emotional expressions of Westerners

Answer 33

c. Robots have been engineered to exhibit emotional expressions.

Question 34

_____ is the idea that emotional expressions can cause emotional experiences. a. a display rule b. expressional deception c. the universality hypothesis d. the facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 34

d. the facial feedback hypothesis

Question 35

Two friends have asked you to help them settle a disagreement. You hear each side of the story and have an emotional response to one viewpoint, but you don't express it. This is an example of which display rule? a. deintensification b. masking c. neutralizing d. intensification

Answer 35

c. neutralizing

Question 36

Which of the following does NOT distinguish sincere from insincere expressions? a. temporal patterning b. duration c. symmetry d. levity

Answer 36

a. temporal patterning

Question 37

Which of the following statements is inaccurate? a. Certain facial muscles are reliably engaged by sincere facial expressions b. Even when people smile bravely to mask disappointment, their faces tend to express small bursts of disappointment c. Studies show that human lie detection ability is extremely good d. Polygraph machines detect lies at a rate better than chance, but their error rate is still quite high

Answer 37

c. Studies show that human lie detection ability is extremely good

Question 38

The hedonic principle states that a. emotions provide people with information b. people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain c. people use their moods as information about the likelihood of succeeding at a task d. motivations are acquired solely throughout experience

Answer 38

b. people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain

Question 39

According to the early psychologists, an unlearned tendency to seek a particular goal is called a. an instinct b. a drive c. a motivation d. a corrective action

Answer 39

a. an instinct

Question 40

According to Maslow, our most basic needs are a. self-actualization and self-esteem b. biological c. unimportant until other needs are met d. belongingness and love

Answer 40

b. biological

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT a dimension on which psychological motivations vary? a. intrinsic-extrinsic b. conscious-unconscious c. avoid-approach d. appraisal-reappraisal

Answer 41

d. appraisal-reappraisal

Question 42

Which of the following statements is true? a. Men and women engage in sex for many of the same reasons b. Boys and girls experience initial sexual interest at different ages c. The sequence of physiological arousal for men and women differs dramatically d. The human male sex drive is regulated by testosterone while the human female sex drive is regulated by estrogen

Answer 42

a. Men and women engage in sex for many of the same reasons

Question 43

Which of the following activities is most likely the result of extrinsic motivation? a. completing a crossword puzzle b. pursuing in career as a musician c. having ice cream for dessert d. flossing one's teeth

Answer 43

d. flossing one's teeth