Chapter 10

Question 1

intelligence

Answer 1

the ability to direct one’s thinking, adapt to one’s circumstances, and learn from one’s experiences

• relative intelligence generally stable over time
• absolute intelligence changes

Question 2

ratio IQ (intelligence quotient)

Answer 2

a statistic obtained by dividing a person’s mental age by the person’s physical age and then multiplying the quotient by 100
(ratio of a person’s mental to physical age)

Question 3

deviation IQ

Answer 3

a statistic obtained by dividing a person’s test score by the average test score of people in the same age group and then multiplying the quotient by 100
(deviation of person’s test score from the average score of his/her peers)

Question 4

factor analysis

Answer 4

a statistical technique that explains a large number of correlations in terms of a small number of underlying factors

Question 5

two-factor theory of intelligence

Answer 5

Spearman’s theory suggesting that every task requires a combination of a general ability (which he called g) and skills that are specific to the task (which he called s)

Question 6

fluid intelligence

Answer 6

the ability to see abstract relationships and draw logical inferences

Question 7

crystallized intelligence

Answer 7

the ability to retain and use knowledge that was acquired through experience

Question 8

emotional intelligence

Answer 8

the ability to reason about emotions and to use emotions to enhance reasoning

Question 9

Middle-level abilities

Answer 9

between g (general intelligence) and s (specific abilities)

Question 10

data-based approach

Answer 10

suggests there are 8 middle-level abilities

Question 11

theory-based approach

Answer 11

suggests there may be middle-level abilities that standard intelligence tests don’t measure, such as practical, creative, and emotional intelligence

Question 12

fraternal twins (dizygotic twins)

Answer 12

twins who develop from two different eggs that were fertilized by two different sperm

Question 13

identical twins (monozygotic twins)

Answer 13

twins who develop from the splitting of a single egg that was fertilized by a single sperm

Question 14

heritability coefficient

Answer 14

a statistic (h^2) that describes the proportion of the difference between people’s scores that can be explained by differences in their genes

Question 15

shared environment

Answer 15

those environmental factors that are experienced by all relevant members of a household

Question 16

nonshared environment

Answer 16

those environmental factors that are not experienced by all relevant members of a household

Question 17

Which of the following abilities is not an accepted feature of intelligence?

a. the ability to direct one’s thinking
b. the ability to adapt to one’s circumstances
c. the ability to care for oneself
d. the ability to learn from one’s experiences

Answer 17

c. the ability to care for oneself

Question 18

Intelligence tests

a. were first developed to help children who lagged behind their peers
b. were developed to measure aptitude rather than educational achievement
c. have been used for detestable ends
d. all of the above

Answer 18

d. all of the above

Question 19

Intelligence tests have been shown to be predictors of

a. academic performance
b. mental health
c. physical health
d. all of the above

Answer 19

d. all of the above

Question 20

People who score well on one test of mental ability usually score well on others, suggesting that

a. tests of mental ability are perfectly correlated
b. intelligence cannot be measured meaningfully
c. there is a general ability called intelligence
d. intelligence is genetic

Answer 20

c. there is a general ability called intelligence

Question 21

The two-factor theory suggests that intelligence is a combination of general ability and

a. factor analysis
b. specific abilities
c. primary mental abilities
d. creative intelligence

Answer 21

b. specific abilities

Question 22

Most scientists now believe that intelligence is best described

a. as a set of group factors
b. by a two-factor framework
c. as a single, general ability
d. by a three-level hierarchy

Answer 22

d. by a three-level hierarchy

Question 23

Standard intelligence tests typically measure

a. analytic intelligence
b. practical intelligence
c. creative intelligence
d. all of the above

Answer 23

a. analytic intelligence

Question 24

Intelligence is influenced by

a. genes alone
b. genes and environment
c. environment alone
d. neither genes nor environment

Answer 24

b. genes and environment

Question 25

The heritability coefficient is a statistic that describes how much of the difference between different people’s intelligence scores can be explained by

a. the nature of the specific test
b. differences in their environment
c. differences in their genes
d. their age at the time of testing

Answer 25

c. differences in their genes

Question 26

Intelligence changes

a. over the life span and across generations
b. over the life span but not across generations
c. across generations but not over the life span
d. neither across generations nor over the life span

Answer 26

a. over the life span and across generations

Question 27

A person’s socioeconomic status has a(n) _____ effect on intelligence.

a. powerful
b. negligible
c. unsubstantiated
d. unknown

Answer 27

a. powerful

Question 28

Which of the following statements is false?

a. Modern intelligence tests have a very strong cultural bias.
b. Testing situations can impair the performance of some groups more than others.
c. Test performance can suffer if the test taker is concerned about confirming a racial or gender stereotype
d. Some ethnic groups perform better than others on intelligence tests

Answer 28

a. Modern intelligence tests have a very strong cultural bias.

Question 29

On which of the following does broad agreement exist among scientists?

a. Differences in the intelligence test scores of different ethnic groups are clearly due to genetic differences between those groups
b. Differences in the intelligence test scores of different ethnic groups are caused in part by factors such as low birth weight and poor diet that are more prevalent in some groups than in others
c. Differences in the intelligence test of different ethnic groups always reflect real differences in intelligence
d. Genes that are strongly associated with intelligence have been found to be more prevalent in some ethnic groups than in others

Answer 29

b. Differences in the intelligence test scores of different ethnic groups are caused in part by factors such as low birth weight and poor diet that are more prevalent in some groups than in others

Question 30

Gifted children tend to

a. be equally gifted in several domains
b. be gifted in a single domain
c. lose their special talent in adulthood
d. change the focus of their interests relatively quickly

Answer 30

b. be gifted in a single domain