Chapter 10 Flashcards
intelligence
the ability to direct one’s thinking, adapt to one’s circumstances, and learn from one’s experiences
- relative intelligence generally stable over time
- absolute intelligence changes
ratio IQ (intelligence quotient)
a statistic obtained by dividing a person’s mental age by the person’s physical age and then multiplying the quotient by 100
(ratio of a person’s mental to physical age)
deviation IQ
a statistic obtained by dividing a person’s test score by the average test score of people in the same age group and then multiplying the quotient by 100
(deviation of person’s test score from the average score of his/her peers)
factor analysis
a statistical technique that explains a large number of correlations in terms of a small number of underlying factors
two-factor theory of intelligence
Spearman’s theory suggesting that every task requires a combination of a general ability (which he called g) and skills that are specific to the task (which he called s)
fluid intelligence
the ability to see abstract relationships and draw logical inferences
crystallized intelligence
the ability to retain and use knowledge that was acquired through experience
emotional intelligence
the ability to reason about emotions and to use emotions to enhance reasoning
Middle-level abilities
between g (general intelligence) and s (specific abilities)
data-based approach
suggests there are 8 middle-level abilities
theory-based approach
suggests there may be middle-level abilities that standard intelligence tests don’t measure, such as practical, creative, and emotional intelligence
fraternal twins (dizygotic twins)
twins who develop from two different eggs that were fertilized by two different sperm
identical twins (monozygotic twins)
twins who develop from the splitting of a single egg that was fertilized by a single sperm
heritability coefficient
a statistic (h^2) that describes the proportion of the difference between people’s scores that can be explained by differences in their genes
shared environment
those environmental factors that are experienced by all relevant members of a household
nonshared environment
those environmental factors that are not experienced by all relevant members of a household
Which of the following abilities is not an accepted feature of intelligence?
a. the ability to direct one’s thinking
b. the ability to adapt to one’s circumstances
c. the ability to care for oneself
d. the ability to learn from one’s experiences
c. the ability to care for oneself
Intelligence tests
a. were first developed to help children who lagged behind their peers
b. were developed to measure aptitude rather than educational achievement
c. have been used for detestable ends
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Intelligence tests have been shown to be predictors of
a. academic performance
b. mental health
c. physical health
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
People who score well on one test of mental ability usually score well on others, suggesting that
a. tests of mental ability are perfectly correlated
b. intelligence cannot be measured meaningfully
c. there is a general ability called intelligence
d. intelligence is genetic
c. there is a general ability called intelligence
The two-factor theory suggests that intelligence is a combination of general ability and
a. factor analysis
b. specific abilities
c. primary mental abilities
d. creative intelligence
b. specific abilities
Most scientists now believe that intelligence is best described
a. as a set of group factors
b. by a two-factor framework
c. as a single, general ability
d. by a three-level hierarchy
d. by a three-level hierarchy
Standard intelligence tests typically measure
a. analytic intelligence
b. practical intelligence
c. creative intelligence
d. all of the above
a. analytic intelligence
Intelligence is influenced by
a. genes alone
b. genes and environment
c. environment alone
d. neither genes nor environment
b. genes and environment
The heritability coefficient is a statistic that describes how much of the difference between different people’s intelligence scores can be explained by
a. the nature of the specific test
b. differences in their environment
c. differences in their genes
d. their age at the time of testing
c. differences in their genes
Intelligence changes
a. over the life span and across generations
b. over the life span but not across generations
c. across generations but not over the life span
d. neither across generations nor over the life span
a. over the life span and across generations
A person’s socioeconomic status has a(n) _____ effect on intelligence.
a. powerful
b. negligible
c. unsubstantiated
d. unknown
a. powerful
Which of the following statements is false?
a. Modern intelligence tests have a very strong cultural bias.
b. Testing situations can impair the performance of some groups more than others.
c. Test performance can suffer if the test taker is concerned about confirming a racial or gender stereotype
d. Some ethnic groups perform better than others on intelligence tests
a. Modern intelligence tests have a very strong cultural bias.
On which of the following does broad agreement exist among scientists?
a. Differences in the intelligence test scores of different ethnic groups are clearly due to genetic differences between those groups
b. Differences in the intelligence test scores of different ethnic groups are caused in part by factors such as low birth weight and poor diet that are more prevalent in some groups than in others
c. Differences in the intelligence test of different ethnic groups always reflect real differences in intelligence
d. Genes that are strongly associated with intelligence have been found to be more prevalent in some ethnic groups than in others
b. Differences in the intelligence test scores of different ethnic groups are caused in part by factors such as low birth weight and poor diet that are more prevalent in some groups than in others
Gifted children tend to
a. be equally gifted in several domains
b. be gifted in a single domain
c. lose their special talent in adulthood
d. change the focus of their interests relatively quickly
b. be gifted in a single domain
