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PSYCH 1101 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

memory

A
  • the ability to store and retrieve information over time
  • 3 key functions of memory: encoding, storage, retrieval
  • influenced by type of encoding regardless if we consciously intend to remember an event or not
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2
Q

encoding

A
  • the process of transforming what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory
  • most instances of memory performance reflect encoding strategies rather than photographic memory
  • semantic, visual imagery, and organizational encoding all increase memory but use different parts of the brain
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3
Q

storage

A

the process of maintaining information in memory over time

  • 3 kinds of memory storage: sensory, short-term, long-term
  • depends on changes in synapses
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4
Q

retrieval

A

the process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored

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5
Q

semantic encoding

A

the process of relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in memory

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6
Q

visual imagery encoding

A
  • the process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures
  • can substantially improve memory
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7
Q

organizational encoding

A

the process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items

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8
Q

sensory memory

A

a type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less

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9
Q

iconic memory

A

a fast-decaying store of VISUAL information

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10
Q

echoic memory

A

a fast-decaying store of AUDITORY information

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11
Q

short-term memory

A

a type of storage that holds nonsensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute (~15-20 sec)

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12
Q

rehearsal

A

the process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it

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13
Q

chunking

A

combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in short-term memory

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14
Q

working memory

A

active maintenance of information in short-term storage

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15
Q

long-term memory

A
  • a type of memory that holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years
  • not everyone is able to store long-term memory
  • hippocampal region of brain is critical for putting new information into the long-term storage
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16
Q

anterograde amnesia

A
  • the inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store
  • result when hippocampal region is damaged
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17
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

the inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or surgery

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18
Q

consolidation

A
  • the process by which memories become stable in the brain
  • these memories are more resistant to disruption
  • sleep contributes to memory consolidation
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19
Q

reconsolidation

A

memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, requiring them to become consolidated again

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20
Q

long-term potentiation (LTP)

A
  • a process whereby communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier
  • increases synaptic connections
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21
Q

retrieval cue

A
  • external information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind
  • effective when they are given in the same context as when we encoded an experience
    ex. moods and inner states
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22
Q

encoding specificity principle

A

the idea that a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially encoded

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23
Q

state-dependent retrieval

A

the tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval

24
Q

transfer-appropriate processing

A

the idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding and retrieval contexts of the situations match

25
Q

retrieval-induced forgetting

A
  • a process by which retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items
  • improves subsequent memory of the retrieved information but impairs subsequent remembering of related info that is not retrieved
26
Q

Parts of brain dealing with remembering

A
  • neuroimaging studies suggest trying to remember activates left frontal lobe
  • successful recovery of stored info activates the hippocampus and regions in the brain related to sensory aspects of an experience
27
Q

explicit memory

A

(WITH CONSCIOUS RECALL)

the act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences

28
Q

implicit memory

A

(WITHOUT CONSCIOUS RECALL)

  • the influence of past experiences on later behavior and performance, even without an effort to remember them or an awareness of the recollection
  • retained in people with amnesia
29
Q

procedural memory

A

(MOTOR AND COGNITIVE SKILLS)

the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or “knowing how” to do things

30
Q

priming

A

(ENHANCED INDEIFICATION OF OBJECTS/WORDS)

an enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus

31
Q

semantic memory

A

(FACTS AND GENERAL INFORMATION)

a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

32
Q

episodic memory

A

(PERSONALLY EXPERIENCED EVENTS)

the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

33
Q

collaborative memory

A

remembering in groups
- collaborative remembering can both impair memory (collaborative inhibition) and enhance it by exposing people to new info and helping to correct errors

34
Q

7 sins of memory (memory failures)

A
  1. transience (forgetting what occurs with the passage of time, first rapid forgetting and then gradual)
  2. absentmindedness (lapse in attention that results in memory failure, results in forgetting to do things in future)
  3. blocking (failure to retrieve info that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it, when info is “on the tip of your tongue”)
  4. memory misattribution (assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source, can result in eyewitness misidentification or false recognition)
  5. suggestibility (the tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections)
  6. bias (the distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences)
  7. persistence (the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget, influenced by the amygdala)
35
Q

retroactive interference

A

situations in which information learned later impairs memory for information acquired earlier

36
Q

proactive interference

A

situations in which information learned earlier impairs memory for information acquired later

37
Q

prospective memory

A

remembering to do things in the future

38
Q

source memory

A

recall of when, where, and how information was acquired

39
Q

false recognition

A

a feeling of familiarity about something that hasn’t been encountered before
- common in people with frontal lobe damage

40
Q

flashbulb memories

A

detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events

41
Q

Encoding is the process

a. by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory
b. of maintaining information in memory over time
c. of bringing to mind information that has been previously stored
d. through which we recall information previously learned but forgotten

A

a. by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory

42
Q

What is the process of relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already in memory?

a. spontaneous encoding
b. organization encoding
c. semantic encoding
d. visual imagery encoding

A

c. semantic encoding

43
Q

Our human ancestors depended on the encoding of

a. organizational information
b. reproductive mechanisms
c. survival-related information
d. pleasantness conditions

A

c. survival-related information

44
Q

What kind of memory storage holds information for a second or two?

a. retrograde memory
b. working memory
c. short-term memory
d. sensory memory

A

d. sensory memory

45
Q

The process by which memories become stable in the brain is called

a. consolidation
b. long-term memory
c. iconic memory
d. hippocampal indexing

A

a. consolidation

46
Q

Long-term potentiation occurs through

a. the interruption of communication between neurons
b. the strengthening of synaptic connections
c. the reconsolidation of disrupted memories
d. sleep

A

b. the strengthening of synaptic connections

47
Q

The increased likelihood of recalling a sad memory when you are in a sad mood is an illustration of

a. the encoding specificity principle
b. state-dependent retrieval
c. transfer-appropriate processing
d. memory accessibility

A

b. state-dependent retrieval

48
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the consequences of memory retrieval is false?

a. retrieval-induced forgetting can affect eyewitness memory
b. the act of retrieval can strengthen a retrieved memory
c. retrieval can impair subsequent memory
d. retrieval boosts subsequent memory through the repetition of information

A

d. retrieval boosts subsequent memory through the repetition of information

49
Q

Neuroimaging studies suggest that trying to remember activates the

a. left frontal lobe
b. hippocampal region
c. occipital lobe
d. upper temporal lobe

A

a. left frontal lobe

50
Q

The act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences is

a. priming
b. procedural memory
c. implicit memory
d. explicit memory

A

d. explicit memory

51
Q

People who have amnesia are able to retain all of the following except

a. explicit memory
b. implicit memory
c. procedural memory
d. priming

A

a. explicit memory

52
Q

Remembering a family reunion that you attended as a child illustrates

a. semantic memory
b. procedural memory
c. episodic memory
d. perceptual priming

A

c. episodic memory

53
Q

The rapid decline in memory, followed by more gradual forgetting, is reflected by

a. chunking
b. blocking
c. absentmindedness
d. transience

A

d. transience

54
Q

Eyewitness misidentification or false recognition is most likely a result of

a. memory misattribution
b. suggestibility
c. bias
d. retroactive interference

A

a. memory misattribution

55
Q

The fact that emotional arousal generally leads to enhanced memory is supported by

a. egocentric bias
b. persistence
c. proactive interference
d. source memory

A

b. persistence

PSYCH 1101 (12 decks)

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