Chapter 5 Flashcards
Consciousness
a person’s subjective experience of the world and mind
Phenomenology
How things seem to the conscious person
Problem of other minds
the fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the consciousness of others
Mind-body problem
the issue of how the mind is related to the brain and body
Dichotic listening
a task in which people wearing headphones hear different messages presented to each ear
Cocktail-party phenomenon
a phenomenon in which people tune in one message even while they filter out others nearby
Minimal consciousness
a low-level kind of sensory awareness and responsiveness that occurs when the mind inputs sensations and may output behavior
Full consciousness
consciousness in which you know and are able to report your mental state
Self-consciousness
a distinct level of consciousness in which the person’s attention is drawn to the self as an object
Mental control
the attempt to change conscious states of mind
Thought suppression
the conscious avoidance of a thought
Rebound effect of thought suppression
the tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following suppression
Ironic processes of mental control
mental processes that can produce ironic errors because monitoring for errors can itself produce them
Dynamic unconscious
an active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person’s deepest instincts and desires, and the person’s inner struggle to control these forces
Repression
a mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts and memories form consciousness and keeps them in the unconscious
Cognitive unconscious
all the mental processes that give rise to a person’s thoughts, choices, emotions, and behavior even though they are not experienced by the person
Subliminal perception
thought/behavior that is influenced by stimuli that a person cannot consciously report perceiving
4 basic properties of consciousness
- intentionally
- unity
- selectivity
- transience
3 levels of consciousness
- minimal consciousness
- full consciousness
- self-consciousness
Altered state of consciousness
a form of experience that departs significantly from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind
Circadian rhythm
a naturally occurring 24 hour cycle
REM sleep
a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and a high level of brain activity
electrooculograph (EOG)
an instrument that measures eye movements
Insomnia
difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep
Sleep apnea
a disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while sleeping
Somnambulism (sleep walking)
occurs when a person arises and walks around while sleeping
Narcolepsy
a disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities
Sleep paralysis
the experience of waking up unable to move
Night terrors (sleep terrors)
abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal
Manifest content
a dream’s apparent topic or superficial meaning
Latent content
a dream’s true underlying meaning
Activation-synthesis model
the theory that dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of random neural activity that occurs during sleep
5 stages of sleep
- slow theta waves
- sleep spindles, K complexes
3/4. delta waves - REM sleep
Psychoactive drugs
chemicals that influence consciousness of behavior by altering the brain’s chemical message system
Drug tolerance
the tendency for larger doses of a drug to be required over time to achieve the same effect
Depressants
substances that reduce the activity of the CNS
Expectancy theory
the idea that alcohol effects can be produced by people’s expectations of how alcohol will influence them in particular situations
Balanced placebo design
a study design in which behavior is observed following the presence or absence of an actual stimulus and also following the presence of absence of a placebo stimulus
Alcohol myopia
a condition that results when alcohol hampers attention, leading people to respond in simple ways to complex situations
Stimulants
substances that excite the CNS, heightening arousal and activity levels
Narcotics (opiates)
highly addictive drugs derived from opium that relieve pain
Hallucinogens
drugs that alter sensation and perception and often cause visual and auditory hallucinations
Marijuana
the leaves and buds of the hemp plant, which contain a psychoactive drug called tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
Gateway drug
a drug whose use increases the risk of the subsequent use of more harmful drugs
Harm reduction approach
a response to high-risk behaviors that focuses on reducing the harm such behaviors have on people’s lives
Hypnosis
a social interaction in which one person makes suggestions that lead to a change in another person’s subjective experience of the world
Posthypnotic amnesia
the failure to retrieve memories following hypnotic suggestions to forget
Hypnotic analgesia
the reduction of pain through hypnosis in people who are susceptible to hypnosis
Which of the following is NOT a basic property of consciousness?
a. intentionality
b. disunity
c. selectivity
d. transience
b. disunity
Currently, unconscious processes are understood as
a. a concentrated pattern of thought suppression
b. a hidden system of memories, instincts, and desires
c. a blank slate
d. unexperienced mental processes that give rise to thoughts and behavior
d. unexperienced mental processes that give rise to thoughts and behavior
The _____ unconscious is at work when subliminal and unconscious processes influence thought and behavior
a. minimal
b. repressive
c. dynamic
d. cognitive
d. cognitive
The cycle of sleep and waking is one of the major patterns of human life called
a. circadian rhythm
b. sleep stages
c. the altered state of consciousness
d. subliminal perception
a. circadian rhythm
Sleep needs _____ over the life span
a. decrease
b. increase
c. fluctuate
d. remain the same
a. decrease
During dreaming, the dreamer _____ changes in emotion, thought, and sensation.
a. is skeptical of
b. is completely unconscious of
c. uncritically accepts
d. views objectively
c. uncritically accepts
Which explanation of dreams proposes that they are produced when the mind attempts to make sense of random neural activity that occurs in the brain during sleep?
a. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory
b. the activation-synthesis model
c. the cognitive unconscious model
d. the manifest content framework
b. the activation-synthesis model
fMRI studies of the dreaming brain reveal all of the following EXCEPT
a. increased sensitivity to emotions
b. activations associated with visual activity
c. increased capacity for planning
d. prevention of movement
c. increased capacity for planning
Psychoactive drugs influence consciousness by altering the effects of
a. agonists
b. neurotransmitters
c. amphetamines
d. spinal neurons
b. neurotransmitters
Tolerance for drugs involves
a. larger doses being required over time to achieve the same effect
b. openness to new experiences
c. the initial attraction of drug use
d. the lessening of the painful symptoms that accompany withdrawal
a. larger doses being required over time to achieve the same effect
Drugs that heighten arousal and activity levels by affecting the CNS are
a. depressants
b. stimulants
c. narcotics
d. hallucinogens
b. stimulants
Alcohol expectancy refers to
a. alcohol’s initial effects of euphoria and reduced anxiety
b. the widespread acceptance of alcohol as a socially approved substance
c. alcohol leading people to respond in simple ways to complex situations
d. people’s beliefs about how alcohol will influence them in particular situations
d. people’s beliefs about how alcohol will influence them in particular situations
Hypnosis has been proven to have
a. an effect on physical strength
b. a positive effect on memory retrieval
c. an analgesic effect
d. an age-regression effect
c. an analgesic effect
Which of the following 4 individuals is LEAST likely to be a good candidate for hypnosis?
a. Jake, who spends lots of time watching movies
b. Ava, who is convinced she is easily hypnotizable
c. Evan, who has an active, vivid imagination
d. Isabel, who loves to play sports
d. Isabel, who loves to play sports
