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PSYCH 1101 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Consciousness

A

a person’s subjective experience of the world and mind

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2
Q

Phenomenology

A

How things seem to the conscious person

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3
Q

Problem of other minds

A

the fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the consciousness of others

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4
Q

Mind-body problem

A

the issue of how the mind is related to the brain and body

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5
Q

Dichotic listening

A

a task in which people wearing headphones hear different messages presented to each ear

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6
Q

Cocktail-party phenomenon

A

a phenomenon in which people tune in one message even while they filter out others nearby

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7
Q

Minimal consciousness

A

a low-level kind of sensory awareness and responsiveness that occurs when the mind inputs sensations and may output behavior

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8
Q

Full consciousness

A

consciousness in which you know and are able to report your mental state

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9
Q

Self-consciousness

A

a distinct level of consciousness in which the person’s attention is drawn to the self as an object

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10
Q

Mental control

A

the attempt to change conscious states of mind

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11
Q

Thought suppression

A

the conscious avoidance of a thought

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12
Q

Rebound effect of thought suppression

A

the tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following suppression

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13
Q

Ironic processes of mental control

A

mental processes that can produce ironic errors because monitoring for errors can itself produce them

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14
Q

Dynamic unconscious

A

an active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person’s deepest instincts and desires, and the person’s inner struggle to control these forces

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15
Q

Repression

A

a mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts and memories form consciousness and keeps them in the unconscious

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16
Q

Cognitive unconscious

A

all the mental processes that give rise to a person’s thoughts, choices, emotions, and behavior even though they are not experienced by the person

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17
Q

Subliminal perception

A

thought/behavior that is influenced by stimuli that a person cannot consciously report perceiving

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18
Q

4 basic properties of consciousness

A
  1. intentionally
  2. unity
  3. selectivity
  4. transience
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19
Q

3 levels of consciousness

A
  1. minimal consciousness
  2. full consciousness
  3. self-consciousness
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20
Q

Altered state of consciousness

A

a form of experience that departs significantly from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind

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21
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

a naturally occurring 24 hour cycle

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22
Q

REM sleep

A

a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and a high level of brain activity

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23
Q

electrooculograph (EOG)

A

an instrument that measures eye movements

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24
Q

Insomnia

A

difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep

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25
Q

Sleep apnea

A

a disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while sleeping

26
Q

Somnambulism (sleep walking)

A

occurs when a person arises and walks around while sleeping

27
Q

Narcolepsy

A

a disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities

28
Q

Sleep paralysis

A

the experience of waking up unable to move

29
Q

Night terrors (sleep terrors)

A

abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal

30
Q

Manifest content

A

a dream’s apparent topic or superficial meaning

31
Q

Latent content

A

a dream’s true underlying meaning

32
Q

Activation-synthesis model

A

the theory that dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of random neural activity that occurs during sleep

33
Q

5 stages of sleep

A
  1. slow theta waves
  2. sleep spindles, K complexes
    3/4. delta waves
  3. REM sleep
34
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

chemicals that influence consciousness of behavior by altering the brain’s chemical message system

35
Q

Drug tolerance

A

the tendency for larger doses of a drug to be required over time to achieve the same effect

36
Q

Depressants

A

substances that reduce the activity of the CNS

37
Q

Expectancy theory

A

the idea that alcohol effects can be produced by people’s expectations of how alcohol will influence them in particular situations

38
Q

Balanced placebo design

A

a study design in which behavior is observed following the presence or absence of an actual stimulus and also following the presence of absence of a placebo stimulus

39
Q

Alcohol myopia

A

a condition that results when alcohol hampers attention, leading people to respond in simple ways to complex situations

40
Q

Stimulants

A

substances that excite the CNS, heightening arousal and activity levels

41
Q

Narcotics (opiates)

A

highly addictive drugs derived from opium that relieve pain

42
Q

Hallucinogens

A

drugs that alter sensation and perception and often cause visual and auditory hallucinations

43
Q

Marijuana

A

the leaves and buds of the hemp plant, which contain a psychoactive drug called tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

44
Q

Gateway drug

A

a drug whose use increases the risk of the subsequent use of more harmful drugs

45
Q

Harm reduction approach

A

a response to high-risk behaviors that focuses on reducing the harm such behaviors have on people’s lives

46
Q

Hypnosis

A

a social interaction in which one person makes suggestions that lead to a change in another person’s subjective experience of the world

47
Q

Posthypnotic amnesia

A

the failure to retrieve memories following hypnotic suggestions to forget

48
Q

Hypnotic analgesia

A

the reduction of pain through hypnosis in people who are susceptible to hypnosis

49
Q

Which of the following is NOT a basic property of consciousness?

a. intentionality
b. disunity
c. selectivity
d. transience

A

b. disunity

50
Q

Currently, unconscious processes are understood as

a. a concentrated pattern of thought suppression
b. a hidden system of memories, instincts, and desires
c. a blank slate
d. unexperienced mental processes that give rise to thoughts and behavior

A

d. unexperienced mental processes that give rise to thoughts and behavior

51
Q

The _____ unconscious is at work when subliminal and unconscious processes influence thought and behavior

a. minimal
b. repressive
c. dynamic
d. cognitive

A

d. cognitive

52
Q

The cycle of sleep and waking is one of the major patterns of human life called

a. circadian rhythm
b. sleep stages
c. the altered state of consciousness
d. subliminal perception

A

a. circadian rhythm

53
Q

Sleep needs _____ over the life span

a. decrease
b. increase
c. fluctuate
d. remain the same

A

a. decrease

54
Q

During dreaming, the dreamer _____ changes in emotion, thought, and sensation.

a. is skeptical of
b. is completely unconscious of
c. uncritically accepts
d. views objectively

A

c. uncritically accepts

55
Q

Which explanation of dreams proposes that they are produced when the mind attempts to make sense of random neural activity that occurs in the brain during sleep?

a. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory
b. the activation-synthesis model
c. the cognitive unconscious model
d. the manifest content framework

A

b. the activation-synthesis model

56
Q

fMRI studies of the dreaming brain reveal all of the following EXCEPT

a. increased sensitivity to emotions
b. activations associated with visual activity
c. increased capacity for planning
d. prevention of movement

A

c. increased capacity for planning

57
Q

Psychoactive drugs influence consciousness by altering the effects of

a. agonists
b. neurotransmitters
c. amphetamines
d. spinal neurons

A

b. neurotransmitters

58
Q

Tolerance for drugs involves

a. larger doses being required over time to achieve the same effect
b. openness to new experiences
c. the initial attraction of drug use
d. the lessening of the painful symptoms that accompany withdrawal

A

a. larger doses being required over time to achieve the same effect

59
Q

Drugs that heighten arousal and activity levels by affecting the CNS are

a. depressants
b. stimulants
c. narcotics
d. hallucinogens

A

b. stimulants

60
Q

Alcohol expectancy refers to

a. alcohol’s initial effects of euphoria and reduced anxiety
b. the widespread acceptance of alcohol as a socially approved substance
c. alcohol leading people to respond in simple ways to complex situations
d. people’s beliefs about how alcohol will influence them in particular situations

A

d. people’s beliefs about how alcohol will influence them in particular situations

61
Q

Hypnosis has been proven to have

a. an effect on physical strength
b. a positive effect on memory retrieval
c. an analgesic effect
d. an age-regression effect

A

c. an analgesic effect

62
Q

Which of the following 4 individuals is LEAST likely to be a good candidate for hypnosis?

a. Jake, who spends lots of time watching movies
b. Ava, who is convinced she is easily hypnotizable
c. Evan, who has an active, vivid imagination
d. Isabel, who loves to play sports

A

d. Isabel, who loves to play sports

PSYCH 1101 (12 decks)

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