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PSYCH 1101 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychology

A

the scientific study of mind and behavior; an attempt to use scientific methods to address fundamental questions about the mind and behavior that people wonder about

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2
Q

Mind

A

the private inner experience of perceptions, thoughts, memories, and feelings

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3
Q

Behavior

A

observable actions of human beings and nonhuman animals, the things we do in the world by ourselves or with others

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4
Q

What are the bases of perceptions, thoughts, memories, and feelings, or our subjective sense of self?

A

The brain

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5
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A

MRI that allows scientists to scan a brain to determine which parts are active when a person reads a word, sees a face, learns a new skill, or remembers a personal experience

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6
Q

How does the mind usually allow us to function effectively in the world?

A

Psychological processes are adaptive, promoting the welfare and reproduction of organisms that engage in those processes

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7
Q

What does PERCEPTION allow us to do?

A

Allows for recognizing our families, seeing predators before they see us, and avoiding stumbling into oncoming traffic

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8
Q

What does LANGUAGE allow us to do?

A

Allows us to organize our thoughts and communicate them to others, enabling us to form social groups and cooperate

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9
Q

What does MEMORY allow us to do?

A

Allows us to avoid repeatedly solving the same problems and to keep in mind what we are doing and why

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10
Q

What do EMOTIONS allow us to do?

A

Allows us to react quickly to events that have life/death significance, and enable us to form strong social bonds

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11
Q

Name and explain the two types of psychologists.

A
  1. Structuralists: try to analyze the mind by breaking it down into its basic components
  2. Functionalists: focus on how mental abilities allow people to adapt to their environments
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12
Q

Nativism

A

the philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn

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13
Q

Philosophical empiricism

A

the view that all knowledge is acquired through experience

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14
Q

Phrenology

A

a now defunct theory that specific mental abilities and characteristics, ranging from memory to the capacity of happiness, are localized in specific regions

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15
Q

Physiology

A

the study of the function of biological processes

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16
Q

Stimulus

A

Sensory input from the environment

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17
Q

Response

A

an action/physiological change elicited by a stimulus

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18
Q

Reaction time

A

amount of time taken to respond to a specific stimulus

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19
Q

Consciousness

A

a person’s subjective experience of the world and the mind

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20
Q

Structuralism

A

the analysis of basic elements that constitute the mind; involves breaking down consciousness into elemental sensations and feelings

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21
Q

Introspection

A

the subjective observation of one’s own experience

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22
Q

Functionalism

A

the study of the purpose mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment

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23
Q

Natural Selection

A

theory that the feature of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely than other features to be passed on to subsequent generations

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24
Q

Hysteria

A

a temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences

when put in a trance via hypnosis, the symptoms people had of this disease went away.

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25
Q

Unconscious

A

the part of the mind that operates outside of conscious awareness but influences conscious thoughts, feelings, and actions

26
Q

Psychoanalytic theory

A

an approach that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behavior

27
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

a therapeutic approach formed by Freud that focuses on bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders

28
Q

Human psychology

A

an approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potentials of human beings; offers a more optimistic view of the human condition than Freud

29
Q

Behaviorism

A

an approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behavior

30
Q

Principle of reinforcement

A

states that the consequences of a behavior determines whether it will be more or less likely to occur again

31
Q

Illusions

A

errors of perception, memory, or judgement in which subjective experience differs from objective reality

32
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts

33
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

the scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning

34
Q

Behavioral neuroscience

A

an approach to psychology that links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes

35
Q

What does brain scanning allow us to do?

A

allows us to observe the brain in action and to see which parts are involved in which operations

36
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

the field of study that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity

37
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

a psychological approach that explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection

38
Q

Social psychology

A

the study of the causes and consequences of sociality

39
Q

Give an example of social psychology.

A

People work out more efficiently when in a group than individually

40
Q

Cultural psychology

A

the study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members

41
Q

What are the two principles that govern human behavior? Explain what they are.

A
  1. Absolutism: holds that culture makes little to no difference for most psychological phenomena
  2. Relativism: holds that psychological phenomena are likely to vary across cultures and should be viewed only in the context of a specific culture
42
Q

In the 1800s, French biologist Marie Jean Pierre Flourens and surgeon Paula Broca conducted research that demonstrated a connection between

a. animals and humans
b. the mind and the brain
c. brain size and mental ability
d. skull indentations and psychological attributes

A

b. the mind and the brain

43
Q

What was the subject of the famous experiment conducted by Hermann von Helmholtz?

a. reaction time
b. childhood learning
c. phrenology
d. functions of specific brain areas

A

a. reaction time

44
Q

Wilhelm Wundt is credited with

a. coining the phrase “philosophical empiricism”
b. setting the terms for the nature-nurture debate
c. the founding of psychology as a scientific discipline
d. conducting the first psychological experiment

A

c. the founding of psychology as a scientific discipline

45
Q

Wundt and his students sought to analyze the basic elements that constitute the mind, an approach called

a. consciousness
b. introspection
c. structuralism
d. objectivity

A

c. structuralism

46
Q

William James and ____ helped establish functionalism as a major school of psychological thought in North America.

a. G. Stanley Hall
b. René Descartes
c. Franz Joseph Fall
d. Edward Titchener

A

a. G. Stanley Hall

47
Q

The functional approach to psychology was inspired by

a. Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection”
b. James’s “The Principles of Psychology”
c. Wundt’s “Principles of Physiological Psychology”
d. Titchener’s “An Outline of Psychology”

A

a. Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection”

48
Q

To understand human behavior, French physicians Jean-Martin Charcot and Pierre Janet studied people

a. who appeared to be completely healthy
b. with psychological disorders
c. with damage in particular areas of the brain
d. who had suffered permanent loss of cognitive and motor function

A

b. with psychological disorders

49
Q

Building on the work of Charcot and Janet, Sigmund Freud developed

a. psychoanalytic theory
b. the theory of hysteria
c. humanistic psychology
d. physiological psychology

A

a. psychoanalytic theory

50
Q

The psychological theory that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings is known as

a. structuralism
b. psychoanalytic theory
c. humanistic psychology
d. functionalism

A

c. humanistic psychology

51
Q

Behaviorism involves the study of

a. observable actions and responses
b. the potential for human growth
c. unconscious influences and childhood experiences
d. human behavior and memory

A

a. observable actions and responses

52
Q

The experiments of Ivan Pavlov and John Watson centered on

a. perception and behavior
b. stimulus and response
c. reward and punishment
d. conscious and unconscious behavior

A

b. stimulus and response

53
Q

Who developed the concept of reinforcement?

a. B.F. Skinner
b. Ivan Pavlov
c. John Watson
d. Margaret Floy Washburn

A

a. B.F. Skinner

54
Q

The study of mental processes such as perception and memory is called

a. behavioral determinism
b. Gestalt psychology
c. social psychology
d. cognitive psychology

A

d. cognitive psychology

55
Q

During World War II, cognitive psychologists discovered that many of the errors pilots make are the results of

a. computer errors in processing detailed information
b. limited human cognitive capacity to handle incoming information
c. pilot inattention to incoming information
d. lack of behavioral training

A

b. limited human cognitive capacity to handle incoming information

56
Q

The use of scanning techniques to observe the brain in action and to see which parts are involved in which operations helped the development of

a. evolutionary psychology
b. cognitive neuroscience
c. cultural psychology
d. cognitive accounts of language formation

A

b. cognitive neuroscience

57
Q

Central to evolutionary psychology is the _____ function that minds and brains serve.

a. emotional
b. adaptive
c. cultural
d. physiological

A

b. adaptive

58
Q

Social psychology differs most from other psychological approaches in its emphasis on

a. human interaction
b. behavioral processes
c. the individual
d. laboratory experimentation

A

a. human interaction

59
Q

Cultural psychology emphasizes that

a. all psychological processes are influenced to some extent by culture
b. psychological processes are the same across all human beings, regardless of culture
c. culture shapes some, but not all psychological phenomena
d. insights gained from studying individuals from one culture will only rarely generalize to individuals from other cultures, who have different social identities and rituals

A

c. culture shapes some, but not all psychological phenomena

60
Q

Mary Calkins

a. studied with Wilhelm Wundt in the first psychology laboratory
b. did research on the self-image of African American children
c. was present at the first meeting of the APA
d. became the first woman president of the APA

A

d. became the first woman president of the APA

61
Q

Kenneth Clark

a. did research that influenced the Supreme Court decision to ban segregation in public schools
b. was one of the founders of the APA
c. was a student of William James
d. did research that focused on the education of African American youth

A

a. did research that influenced the Supreme Court decision to ban segregation in public schools

PSYCH 1101 (12 decks)

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