Chapter 8 Flashcards
Factor analysis
Which identifies sets of test items that cluster together, meaning that test-takers who do well on one item in a cluster tend to do well on the others.
Psychometric approach
To cognitive development is the basis for the wide variety of intelligence tests available for assessing children’s mental abilities
General intelligence
He found that all test items he examined correlated with one another
Specific intelligence
The test items were not perfectly correlated
Crystallized intelligence
Refers to the skills that depend on accumulated knowledge and experience, good judgement, and mastery of social customs
Fluid intelligence
Depends more heavily on basic information-processing skills-the ability to detect relationships among stimuli, the speed with which the individual can analyze information, and the capacity for working memory.
Three-stratum theory of intelligence
That elaborates the models represented the structure of intelligence as having three theirs
Componential analyses
Of children’s test scores, looking for relationships between aspects of information processing and children’s intelligence test performance
Theory of multiple intelligences
Defines intelligence in terms of distinct sets of processing operations that permit individuals to solve problems, create products, and discover new knowledge in a wide range of culturally valued activities.
Wechsler intelligence scale for children-iv
Is the fourth edition of a widely used test for 6-through 16-year olds
Aptitude tests
Assess an individual’s potential to learn a specialized activity
Achievement tests
Aim to assess actual knowledge and skill attainment
Developmental quotients
What are used because most infant scores do not tap the same dimension of intelligence assessed in older children
Intelligence quotient
Which indicates the extent to which the raw score deviates from the typical performance of same-age individuals
Standardization
Giving the test to a large, representative sample and using the results as the standard for interpreting scores
Environmental cumulative deficit hypothesis
The negative effects of underprivileged rearing conditions increase the longer children remain in those conditions. As a result, early cognitive deficits lead to more deficits, which become harder to overcome
Practical intelligence
Mental abilities apparent in the real world but not in testing situations
Stereotype threat
The fear of being judged on the basis of a negative stereotype-can trigger anxiety that interferes with performance
Dynamic assessment
An innovation consistent with vygotsky’s zone of proximal development, the adult introduces purposeful teaching into the testing situation to find out what the child can attain with the social support
Shared environmental influences
Pervade the general atmosphere of the home and therefore similarly affect siblings living in it
Nonshared environmental influences
Make siblings different from one another
Creativity
Is the ability to produce work that is original yet appropriate-something that others have not thought of but that is useful in some way
Divergent thinking
The generation of multiple and unusual possibilities when faced with a task or problem. Divergent thinking contrasts with convergent thinking
Convergent thinking
Which involves arriving at a single correct answer and is emphasized on intelligence tests
