Chapter 4

Question 0

States of Arousal

Answer 0

Degrees if sleep or wakefulness

Question 1

Reflex

Answer 1

Is an inborn, automatic response to a particular form the of stimulation

Question 2

Rapid eye movement sleep

Answer 2

Brainwave activity, measured with EEG is remarkably similar to that of the waking state. The eyes dart beneath the lids, heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing are uneven, slight body movements occur

Question 3

Non-rapid-eye movement

Answer 3

The body is almost motionless, and heart rate, breathing, and brain wave activity are slow and even

Question 4

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Answer 4

The unexpected death, usually during the night, of an infant younger than 1 year of age that remains unexplained after thorough investigation.

Question 5

Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

Answer 5

Evaluates the baby’s reflexes, muscle tone, state changes, responsive to physical and social stimuli,and other reactions

Question 6

Habituation

Answer 6

Refers to a gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation

Question 7

Recovery

Answer 7

A new stimulus- change in the environment–causes the habituated response to return to a high level

Question 8

Imitation

Answer 8

By copying the behavior of another person

Question 9

Mirror neurons

Answer 9

In the cerebral cortex, that underlie these capacities. Mirror neurons fire identically when a private hears or sees an action and when it carries out that action on its own.

Question 10

Dynamic systems theory of motor development

Answer 10

Mastery of motor skills involves acquiring increasingly complex systems of action. When motor skills work as a system, separate abilities Belen together, each cooperating with others to produce more effective ways of exploring and controlling the environment

Question 11

Prereaching

Answer 11

Newborns making poorly coordinated swipes

Question 12

Ulnar grasp

Answer 12

A clumsy motion in which the babies fingers close against the palm

Question 13

Pincer grasp

Answer 13

Infants use the well coordinated thumb and index finger

Question 14

Statistical learnings capacity

Answer 14

By analyzing the speech stream for patterns–repeatedly occurring sequences of sounds–they acquire a stock of speech structures for which they will later learn meanings, long before they start to talk around age 12 months

Question 15

Visual cliff

Answer 15

Designed by Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk and used in the earliest studies of depth perception. It consists of plexiglass- covered table with a platform at the center, a shallow side with a checkerboard pattern just under the glass and a deep side with a checkerboard several feet below the glass

Question 16

Contrast sensitivity

Answer 16

Refers to the difference in the amount of light between adjacent regions in a pattern. If babies are sensitive to the contrast they can detect two or more patterns, they prefer the one with more contrast.

Question 17

Size constancy

Answer 17

Perception of an objects size as the same, despite changes in the size of its retinal image

Question 18

Shape constancy

Answer 18

Perception of an objects shape as stable, despite changes in the shape projected on the retina

Question 19

Intermodal perception

Answer 19

We make sense of these running streams of light, sound, tactile, odor, and taste information, perceiving them as integrated wholes

Question 20

Amodal sensory properties

Answer 20

Information that is not specific to a single modality but that overlaps two or more sensory systems

Question 21

Differentiation theory

Answer 21

Infants actively search for invariant features of the environment–those that remain stable–in a constantly changing perceptual world.

Question 22

Affordances

Answer 22

The action possibilities that a situation offers an organism with certain motor capabilities