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biology 101 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

why do cells reproduce?

A

growth (repair, replacement), sexual reproduction, asexually

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2
Q

summary of important events that take place

A

cell cycle

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3
Q

does a cell constantly divide?

A

no

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4
Q

do ALL cells divide?

A

no

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5
Q

75% of a cells life is spent in this phase with no active cell division

A

interphase

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6
Q 
STAGE OF INTERPHASE:
Cellular growth
• DNA supervises work of the
cell
• Metabolism occurs
• Cells breathe & “eat”
A

G1

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7
Q 
STAGE OF INTERPHASE:
• DNA replication occurs
• Chromosomes are duplicated,
forming identical sister
chromatids joined at the
centromeres
A

S

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8
Q 
STAGE OF INTERPHASE:
• More cellular growth
• Chromosomes are still inside
nucleus
• Chromosomes are not visible,
because DNA is still relaxed
A

G2

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9
Q

colonial cell division where two identical daughter cells are produced from a parent cell

A

mitosis

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10
Q

what happens during prophase?

A

chromosomes condense
centrioles replicate
nuclear membrane is broken
spindle fibers are formed and attach to duplicated chromosomes at the centromere

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11
Q

what happens during metaphase?

A

duplicated chromosomes are lined up along the equatorial plate

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12
Q

what happens during anaphase?

A

spindle fibers contract and pull molecules of DNA apart; they are now unduplicated chromosomes

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13
Q

what happens during telophase?

A

chromosomes decondense and formation of a new nuclear membrane; cytokinesis takes place

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14
Q

division of the cytoplasm

A

cytokinesis

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15
Q

what do animal cells do during cytokinesis?

A

furrow

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16
Q

what do plant cells do during cytokinesis?

A

cell plate is formed

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17
Q

when cells divide out of control and regions of abnormal growth are formed

A

tumor

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18
Q

tumor that is harmless and typically stays in one place

A

benign

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19
Q

cancerous tumor, typically spreads or migrates

A

malignant

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20
Q

involves two rounds of division and results in the production of four genetically distinct daughter cells

A

meiosis

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21
Q

sex cells

A

gametes

22
Q

sex is a source for what genetically?

A

genetic variation

23
Q

what are the similarities between mitosis and meiosis?

A

involve cell division

have similar stages with similar names

24
Q

body cells that don’t make gametes

A

somatic cells

25
Q

somatic cells reproduce by what? mitosis or meiosis?

A

mitosis

26
Q

capable of replicating by mitosis; also produces gametes by meiosis

A

germ cells

27
Q

what are the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

MITOSIS ONLY: occurs in the somatic and germ cells and produce two genetically identicle daughter cells
MEIOSIS: occurs only in germ cells and results in production of 4 genetically distinct gametes

28
Q

before division in meiosis what will a cell go through?

A

G1, S, G2

29
Q

what happens in prophase 1?

A 
DNA condenses 
formation of spindle fibers
duplicated centrioles
*pairing of homologous chromosomes known as synapsis
this forms tetrods
nuclear envelope breaks down
crossing over @ chiasmata 
*recombination (switch places)
spindle fibers attach @ centrioles and move the pairs
30
Q

what happens in metaphase 1?

A

spindle fibers lineup chromosome pairs along the equatorial plate and independent assortment takes place

31
Q

what happens in anaphase 1?

A

spindle fibers pull homologous pairs apart

full haploid set of duplicated chromosomes at each pole of cell

32
Q

what happens in telophase 1?

A

spindle fibers degrade, chromosomes may or may not relax, new nuclear membrane may/may not form around chromosomes; cytokinesis happens

33
Q

what happens in meiosis 2?

A

very similar to meiosis 1, start with two haploid cell and form into four

34
Q

prophase 2?

A

2 cells form telophase 1 and condense and centrioles will duplicate, nuclear membrane breaks down and spindle fibers attach
*two chromosomes aren’t identicle due to crossing over

35
Q

metaphase 2?

A

identical to mitosis

36
Q

anaphase 2?

A

sister chromatid are pulled apart

37
Q

telophase 2?

A

chromosomes decondense, new nuclear membrane formed, cytokinesis takes place resulting in four genetically distinct gametes

38
Q

sperm formation by meiosis 1 germ cell —-> 4 sperm cells

A

spermogenesis

39
Q

egg formation by meiosis 1 germ cell—> 1 functional egg cell and 3 polar bodies

A

oogenesis

40
Q

what are problems with meiosis?

A

not perfect
nondisjunction
trisomy
monosomy

41
Q

failure of chromosomes to separate correctly (typically in meiosis 1 or meiosis 2)

A

nondisjunction

42
Q

3 copies of a chromosomes in a cell that should be diploid

A

monosomy

43
Q

monosomy and trisomy together=

A

aneuploidy

44
Q

incorrect number of chromosomes in a cell

A

aneuploidy

45
Q

only non lethal monosomy in humans

A

turner syndrome

46
Q

what are the physical diffrences in people with turner syndrome?

A

nonfunctional ovaries, short, low set ears, webbed neck, several diseases

47
Q

what is wrong with klienefelter syndrome?

A

male with female features, typically infertile, LD, risk of breast cancer

48
Q

what is the difference in XXX syndrome?

A

appear normal, typically taller, normal sexully, LD,

49
Q

XYY syndrome? “super male”

A

tall, LD

50
Q

trisomy 21 is also known as what?

A

downs

biology 101 (8 decks)

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