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biology 101 > chapter 7 > Flashcards

chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein of RNA

A

gene

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2
Q

alternate forms of a gene

A

allele

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3
Q

chromosomes with genes coding for the same traits

A

homozygous chromosome

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4
Q

process by which DNA is used to produce protein and RNA products

A

gene expression

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5
Q

where does transcription take place?

A

nucleus

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6
Q

where does translation take place?

A

cytoplasm, rough ER by ribosomes

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7
Q

process of construction of mRNA using DNA as a template

A

transcription

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8
Q

how is transcription similar to DNA replication?

A

DNA has to unwind and separate

enzyme is involved

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9
Q

what are the differences in transcription and DNA replication?

A

single strand of mRNA is produced
bases in mRNA are slightly different
thymine is not in mRNA, instead you have uracil
enzyme involved in transcription is RNA polymerase

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10
Q

binds to DNA at a region

A

RNA polymerase

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11
Q

where does DNA bind to during RNA polymerase?

A

promoter

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12
Q

short sequence of DNA before the gene that is to be transcribed

A

promoter sequence

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13
Q

coding regions of genes

A

exons

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14
Q

non-coding regions of genes

A

introns

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15
Q

mRNA used as instructions to create proteins

A

Translation

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16
Q

where does translation take place?

A

cytoplasm, ribosomes do it

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17
Q

sequence of 3 mRNA nucleotides that code for a particular amino acid OR a stop signal

A

codon

18
Q

what are the 3 stop codons?

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

19
Q

What is the start codon?

A

AUG (methionine)

20
Q

how many amino acids are naturally occurring?

A

20

21
Q

how many codons are total?

A

64

22
Q

each amino acid (except methiodine) that has multiple codons that code for its genetic sequence

A

redundancy

23
Q

what are ribosomes made up of?

A

rRNA and some proteins

24
Q

what do fully functional ribosomes consist of?

A

2 subunits (1 large and 1 small)

25
Q

what is tRNA’s job?

A

bring amino acids to the ribosomes protein assembly

26
Q

what are the two important binding sites in tRNA

A

anticodon and amino acid binding site

27
Q

site where tRNA binds to mRNA

A

anticodon

28
Q

what are 3 causes of mutations?

A

errors during replication, chemicals, radiation

29
Q

are mutations always negative?

A

NO, they can be positive, negative, or have no effect

30
Q

TYPE OF MUTATION:

one base replaces another base; could have no effect on the cell, (simplest)

A

substitution

31
Q

TYPE OF MUTATION:

change in the sequence of proteins; may have an effect

A

silent mutation

32
Q

TYEP OF MUTATION:

another base gets inserted (frame shift)

A

insertation

33
Q

TYPE OF MUTATION:

base gets taken out (frame shift)

A

deletion

34
Q

what percent of mutations are for the protein coding sequence?

A

3%

35
Q

what molecules affect gene expression?

A

transcription factors, master genes, homeotic genes

36
Q

proteins that effect transcription?

A

transcription factors

37
Q

other genes that code for proteins that effect expression of other genes

A

master genes

38
Q

genes that control formation of a particular body part

A

homeotic genes

39
Q

responsible for making a heart?

A

tin man gene

40
Q

causes aniridia (or absence of an iris)

A

PAX6

biology 101 (8 decks)

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