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biology 101 > chapter 4 > Flashcards

chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

1st law of thermodynamics states what?

A

energy cant be created or destroyed

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2
Q

1 law known as what?

A

“law of conservation of energy”

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3
Q

can energy be changed from one form to another?

A

yes

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4
Q

what does the 2nd law state?

A

energy disperses spontaniously

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5
Q

what does the 2nd law state that energy does not use?

A

external influences

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6
Q

what increases over time?

A

entropy

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7
Q

what does heat not flow too without work being done?

A

cold –> hot

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8
Q

no energy transfer is what?

A

100% efficent

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9
Q

energy is lost as what?

A

heat

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10
Q

without energy entropy does what?

A

increases

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11
Q

what is required to maintain order in cells?

A

constant energy input

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12
Q

what is the photosynthesis formula

A

6CO2 + 6H20 –> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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13
Q

in the photosynthesis formula what is the reactant?

A

light

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14
Q

what is the respiration formula?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H20

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15
Q

what is the catabolic reaction formula?

A

C6H12O6 –> 6CO2 + 6H20

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16
Q

in ____ reactions the reactant is changed to the what?

A

chemical, product

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17
Q

what do anabolic reactions do?

A

build up

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18
Q

in anabolic reactions the energy product is < OR > energy reactant

A

>

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19
Q

in catabolic reactions energy product is < OR > energy reactant

A

<

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20
Q

what to catabolic reactions do?

A

break down

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21
Q

in anabolic rxns where is energy stored?

A

product

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22
Q

in catabolic reactions what does energy do?

A

released

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23
Q

stored energy is what?

A

endergonic

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24
Q

min energy required for a reaction to take place

A

activation energy

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25
Q

what does every energy reaction have to have to take place?

A

activation energy

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26
Q

enzymes are important to what?

A

activation energy

27
Q

enzymes typically end in —

A

ase

28
Q

to accomplish reactions fat cells use?

A

enzymes

29
Q

enzymes are what?

A

organic catalyst

30
Q

substance that increases reaction rate but are NOT used up in the reactions

A

catalyst

31
Q

catabolic reactions release energy making them a what reaction

A

endergonic

32
Q

speed up reactions by lowering activation energy

A

enzymes

33
Q

reactant in a metabolic reaction that is acted on by an enzyme

A

substrate

34
Q

enzymes are very ___specific

A

substrate

35
Q

site where the enzyme binds to its substrate

A

active site

36
Q

molecules that make an enzyme work more efficiently

A

enzyme activator

37
Q

molecules that make an enzyme work less efficiently

A

enzyme inhibitor

38
Q

enzyme activator and enzyme inhibitor typically affect the ___ of an enzyme active site

A

shape

39
Q

what are two types of activators

A

cofactor, coenzyme

40
Q

ion or minerals required for an enzyme to function

A

cofactor

41
Q

organic type of activator

A

coenzyme

42
Q

series of linked reactions each mediated by enzymes

A

metabolic pathways

43
Q

what type of shape do metabolic pathways have?

A

linear, circular

44
Q

when the product stops that pathway

A

feedback inhabitation

45
Q

spontaneous spreading of atoms or molecules in a liquid or gas

A

diffusion

46
Q

what type of concentrations does warm water have?

A

higher molecular motion

47
Q

____molecules dispurse faster and easier

A

smaller

48
Q

name the factors that effect metabolic pathways

A

temp, size, pressure, and charge

49
Q

regions of high and low concentration of a substance

A

concentration gradient

50
Q

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

A

osmosis

51
Q

relative concentration of solutes in two solutions

A

tonicity

52
Q

same solute concentration

A

isotonic

53
Q

high solute concentration

A

hypertonic

54
Q

low solute concentration

A

hypotonic

55
Q

in hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic what must happen before you can judge where solutes will go?

A

must be compared to something

56
Q

if turgor pressure is too high what will happen?

A

it will stop water flow

57
Q

diffusion only takes place for what ?

A

water oxygen, and carbon

58
Q

name two types of transport methods?

A

active and passive

59
Q

(facilitated diffusion) substances are moved down the concentration gradient

A

passive trans

60
Q

substances are moved up concentration gradient or from a are of low concentration to higher concentration

A

active trans

61
Q

shipping packages of the cell?

A

vessicle

62
Q

moves into a cell by the formation of a vesicle

A

endosytosis

63
Q

moves substances out of the cell by formation of vesicles

A

exocytosis

64
Q

phagosytosis is also known as?

A

cell eating

biology 101 (8 decks)

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