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biology 101 > chapter 10 > Flashcards

chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

makes tons of copies of a particular target DNA sequence in a very short time

A

PCR (polymerase chain reaction)

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2
Q

what does PCR require?

A

DNA sequence to be copied, free nucleotides, primers, enzyme polymerase (TAQ)

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3
Q

why is TAQ named after this>

A

it comes from a thermos aquatics, its a thermofile (hotsprings)

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4
Q

figure out the order of the nucleotides in DNA

A

DNA sequence

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5
Q

order/organization of all of the nucleotides of an organisms entire DNA

A

genome

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6
Q

what percent of our DNA is shared with everyone? what percent is different

A

99%, 1%

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7
Q

how is DNA sequencing done?

A

DNA–> PCR(clone)—>lots of DNA copies—>cut into pieces/restricting enzyme–>lots of diff. fragments of DNA–>gel electrophessis

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8
Q

enzyme that acts as a DNA molecule at a specific sequence of bases

A

restriction enzyme

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9
Q

difference on the rates of movement of those fragments primarily on size and change, smaller fragments move faster and further while larger fragments move slower and not as far

A

gel elecrophesis

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10
Q

what does SNAPs effect?

A

human health on gene APOE that codes for lipoprotein that caries cholesterol and fat in the blood stream

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11
Q

what percent of the population has SNAP?

A

25%, cytosine replaces thymine @ nucleotide 4874

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12
Q

people who have SNAP are likely to develop what?

A

altihzmers

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13
Q

before birth screen that can detect over 30 conditions

A

prenatal genetic screening

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14
Q

removal of cells from the coroin has risks of problems with formation, missing fingers/toes,

A

CVS (coroinic villi sampeling)

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15
Q

sample of amiotic fluid no increased risk of miscarrage

A

amniocentesis

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16
Q

imaging, sound waves impulsed inside uterius, 2-10% chance of miscarrage

A

fetoscopy

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17
Q

enzymes that cut DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence when they cut DNA results in “sticky ends”

A

restriction enzymes

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18
Q

who discovered sticky ends?

A

arbor and smith by studying bacteria and some was resistant to infection by a virus, bacteria was producing restriction enzymes

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19
Q

what are viruses?

A

nucleic acid surrounded by a coat of a protein

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20
Q

DNA from two+ different sources that is basically cut and pasted together

A

recombination DNA

21
Q

DNA is duplicated in living cells (usually in bacteria)

A

DNA cloning

22
Q

how many chromosomes does bacteria have?

A

1

23
Q

plasma used as DNA molecules that are used to carry DNA into a host cell

A

cloning vectors

24
Q

“catalog” of an organisms entire genome

A

DNA libraries

25
Q

artificially constructed fragment of DNA/RNA labeled with tracers

A

probes

26
Q

what can probes help with?

A

help find where a particular DNA sequence occurs

27
Q

using DNA to identify individuals

A

DNA profiling

28
Q

what are SNAP chips?

A

plates of glass stamped with various DNA sequences

29
Q

explain the process of SNAP chips washing over?

A

genomic DNA washed over chips hybrodize with DNA on plate where they are complementary and can use probes to locate various regions where DNA hybrodizes

30
Q

dileberate modification of an organisms genome

A

genetic engineering

31
Q

organism has their own genes altered or genes inserted from the same species

A

GMO

32
Q

has genes from other species inserted in genome

A

transgenetic organism

33
Q

what are the two main groups of transgenetic organisms?

A

yeast, bacteria

34
Q

what are types of GM bacteria that is useful?

A

e coli (insulin), chymotrypsin (cheese production)

35
Q

where did chymotrypsin used to be obtained from?

A

stomach of calfs

36
Q

crops with genes from other species

A

transgenic crops

37
Q

how are transgenic crops produced?

A

electric shock, chemical shock, blasting with microscopic DNA pellets

38
Q

what does normal agrobacterium tumefacticians (AT) produce?

A

develop tumors result of TI plasmid

39
Q

what does GM AT produce?

A

TI plasmid removed and replaced with other genes

40
Q

what effects crops?

A

pests, drought, frost, weeds

41
Q

how do pests effect crops?

A

bacillus thurengitis (bt) produces protein product that is toxic to some organisms

42
Q

some crops are resistant to herbicides? T or F

A

true

43
Q

why do we modify crops?

A

to increase nutrition value

44
Q

what are biotene products we get from bacteria?

A

insulin, cyrotriphin, HGH, clotting factors, oil spill cleanups

45
Q

explain transgenetic animals

A

egg cells are extracted from a donor taken genes and inject into the egg and inject into the host egg. if it fertilizes it becomes a transgenetic animal

46
Q

transplantation of organs from one species to another

A

xenotransplantation -typically rejected, can serve as potential source for organs

47
Q

normal/modified gene is transferred to an individual to treat a disorder caused by a faulty version of gene, uses lipid clusters also using genetically engineered viruses

A

gene therapy

48
Q

what are problems with genetically engineered viruses?

A

disrups gene function, cancer, allergic rxn

49
Q

idea of diliberatly improving human race by selecting the most “disirable” traits

A

eugenics

biology 101 (8 decks)

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