chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the key to natural population?

A

variation

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2
Q

what is the simplest example of variation?

A

allele

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3
Q

two different forms of alleles

A

dimorfysm

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4
Q

multiple forms of alleles for a particular gene

A

polymorfysm

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5
Q

what are sources of variation?

A

mutation, sexual reproduction

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6
Q

set of all alleles of all genes in a population

A

gene pool

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7
Q

changes in allele frequency

A

microevolution

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8
Q

what are the modes of selection?

A

directional, stabalizing, disruptive, character

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9
Q

individuals toward one end of variation are favored

A

directional selection

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10
Q

intermediate phenotypes are favored- extremes are weeded out

A

stabalizing selection

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11
Q

individuals of extreme phenotypes are favored at both ends of the spectrum

A

disruptive selection

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12
Q

evolutionary change that reduces competition between two species, incompletely overlapping ranges

A

character displacement

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13
Q

population species ranges overlap

A

sympatric

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14
Q

region where species occur seperatly

A

allopatric

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15
Q

maintance of multiple alleles in a population

A

balanced polymorphsym

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16
Q

“mate choosiness”

A

sexual selection

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17
Q

random changes in allele frequencies in populations due to change event (can result in fixation or lost)

A

genetic drift

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18
Q

what type of population does genetic drift effect the most?

A

smaller populations

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19
Q

drastic reduction in population size by chance event

A

bottleneck effect

20
Q

difference in allele frequencies of a new population started from subsets of original population due to smaller population size and chance

A

founder effect

21
Q

common disease in old order amish

A

ellis van creveld syndrome

22
Q

formation of a new species

A

speciation

23
Q

species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups

A

biological species concept

24
Q

end to gene flow between population

A

reproductively isolated

25
Q

what are the two categories of reproductively isolation?

A

prezygotic, postzygotic

26
Q

name the types of effects from prezygotic?

A

temporal, ecological factors, bahavioral, mechanical, gamete production

27
Q

the effects of postzygotic?

A

hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility

28
Q

gene flow between populations being ended due to physical/geographical barriers

A

alopatric speciation

29
Q

same geographical area (no barriers)

A

sympatric speciation

30
Q

persistance of a lineage without substancial chage

A

stasis

31
Q

rapid diversification to form multiple species, typically occurs after mass extension, sometimes involves key innovation

A

adaptive radiation

32
Q

adaptation of a structure for a new pupose

A

exaptation

33
Q

joint evolution of two closely interacting species acting as selective pressure on another

A

coevolution

34
Q

evolutionary history and relationships of various organisms

A

phylogeny

35
Q

traits present in more modern groups but not in ancestral groups

A

derived traits

36
Q

group consisting of an ancestor and all its descendants

A

monophyletic group

37
Q

method to deterime evolutionary relationships

A

cladistics

38
Q

group that shares one or more defining characteristics as well as evolutionary history

A

clade

39
Q

tree diagram illustrating evolutionary relationships

A

cladogram

40
Q

branch/points of shared ancestry

A

nodes

41
Q

two groups emerging from a shared node

A

sister groups

42
Q

traits that present in a common ancestor of the organism in question

A

ancestral traits

43
Q

traits not present in the common ancestor;evolved later

A

derived traits

44
Q

the best phylogeny is the one that requires the least number of times for derived traits to have evolved

A

parsimony

45
Q

structures with morphological divergence from an ancestral design

A

homologous structures