Chapter 8

Question 1

Self-concept

Answer 1

Sense of self; descriptive and evaluative mental picture of one’s abilities and traits

Question 2

Self-definition

Answer 2

Cluster of characteristics used to describe oneself

Question 3

Real self

Answer 3

The self one actually is

Question 4

Ideal self

Answer 4

The self one would like to be

Question 5

Disability

Answer 5

Any mental or physical condition making it difficult for a person to do certain activities and interact with the world around them

Question 6

Self-esteem

Answer 6

The judgement a person makes about their self-worth

Question 7

Social emotions

Answer 7

Emotions involved in the regulation of social behavior that require self-awareness and the understanding of others’ viewpoints

Question 8

Initiative vs guilt

Answer 8

Erikson’s third stage; children balance the urge to pursue goals with reservations about doing so

Question 9

Gender identitiy

Answer 9

Awareness, developed in early childhood, of one’s gender

Question 10

Gender roles

Answer 10

Behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills, and traits that a culture considers appropriate for each sex

Question 11

Gender-typing

Answer 11

Socialization process by which children at an early age, learn appropriate gender roles

Question 12

Gender stereotypes

Answer 12

Preconceived generalizations about male or female behavior

Question 13

Transgender people

Answer 13

Individuals whose gender identity is different from their sex

Question 14

Intersex people

Answer 14

Individuals born with sexual or reproductive anatomical variations not typical for male or female bodies

Question 15

Gender dysphoria

Answer 15

Feeling of psychological distress experienced by individuals when there is a mismatch between gender identity and biological sex

Question 16

Theory of sexual selection

Answer 16

Darwin’s theory that gender roles developed in response to men’s and women’s differing reproductive needs

Question 17

Identificaiton

Answer 17

In Freudian theory, the process by which a young child adopts characteristics, beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors of the parent of the same sex

Question 18

Gender constancy

Answer 18

Awareness that one will always be male or female

Question 19

Gender-schema theory

Answer 19

Children socialize themselves in their gender roles by developing a mentally organized network of information about what it means to be male or female in a particular culture

Question 20

Social cognitive theory

Answer 20

Children learn gender roles through socialization

Question 21

Functional play

Answer 21

Play involving repetitive large muscular movements

Question 22

Constructive play

Answer 22

Play involving use of objects or materials to make something

Question 23

Dramatic play

Answer 23

Play involving imaginary people or situations

Question 24

Formal games with rules

Answer 24

Organized games with known procedures and penalties

Question 25

Unoccupied behavior

Answer 25

Child does not seem to be playing but watches anything of momentary interest

Question 26

Onlooker behavior

Answer 26

Child spends most of time watching other children play

Question 27

Solitary independent play

Answer 27

Child plays alone with toys different from those used by nearby children

Question 28

Parallel play

Answer 28

Child plays independently beside rather than with others, with similar toys

Question 29

Associative play

Answer 29

Child plays with other children, all children play similarly but no organization around the goal

Question 30

Cooperative or organized supplementary play

Answer 30

Child plays in a group organized for some goal- to make something, play a formal game, or dramatize a situation

Question 31

Gender segregation

Answer 31

Tendency to select playmates of one's own gender

Question 32

Discipline

Answer 32

Methods of molding children's character and of teaching them to exercise self-control and engage in acceptable behavior

Question 33

Corporal punishment

Answer 33

Use of physical force with the intention of causing pain, but not injury, so as to correct or control behavior

Question 34

Inductive techniques

Answer 34

Disciplinary techniques designed to induce desirable behavior by appealing to a child's sense of reason and fairness

Question 35

Power assertion

Answer 35

Disciplinary strategy designed to discourage undesirable behavior through physical or verbal enforcement of parental control

Question 36

Withdrawal of love

Answer 36

Disciplinary strategy that involves ignoring, isolating, or showing dislike for a child

Question 37

Authoritarian parenting

Answer 37

Parenting style emphasizing control and obedience

Question 38

Permissive parenting

Answer 38

Parenting style emphasizing self-expression and self-regulation

Question 39

Authoritative parenting

Answer 39

Parenting style blending respect for a child's individuality with an effort to instill social values