Chapter 7

Question 1

Night terror

Answer 1

Abrupt awakening from a deep sleep in a state of agitation, generally occurs in young children

Question 2

Sleepwalking

Answer 2

Walking around and sometimes performing other functions while asleep

Question 3

Sleeptalking

Answer 3

Talking while asleep

Question 4

Nightmare

Answer 4

A bad dream, sometimes brought on by staying up too late, eating a heavy meal close to bedtime, or overexcitement

Question 5

Enuresis

Answer 5

Repeated urination in clothing or in bed

Question 6

Most rapid brain growth between 3-6 occurs…

Answer 6

In the frontal areas that regulate planning and goal setting

Question 7

Gross motor skills

Answer 7

Physical skills that involve the large muscles

Question 8

Fine motor skills

Answer 8

Physical skills that involve the small muscles and hand-eye coordination

Question 9

Systems of action

Answer 9

Increasing complex combinations of motor skills, which permit a wider or more precise range of movement and more control of the environment

Question 10

Dental caries

Answer 10

Tooth decay, cavities

Question 11

Preoperational stage

Answer 11

In Piaget’s theory, the second major stage of cognitive development, in which symbolic thought expands but children cannot yet use logic effectively

Question 12

Symbolic function

Answer 12

Ability to use mental representations to which a child has attached meaning

Question 13

Pretend play

Answer 13

Play involving imaginary people and situations

Question 14

Transduction

Answer 14

A preoperational child’s tendency to mentally link particular phenomena, whether or not there is logically a causal relationship

Question 15

Animism

Answer 15

Tendency to attribute life to objects that are not alive

Question 16

Centration

Answer 16

Tendency of preoperational children to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others

Question 17

Decenter

Answer 17

To think simultaneously about several aspects of a situation

Question 18

Egocentrism

Answer 18

Inability to consider another person’s point of view; a characteristic of young children’s thought

Question 19

Conservation

Answer 19

Awareness that two objects that are equal according to a certain measure remain equal in the face of perceptual alteration so long as nothing has been added to or taken away from either object

Question 20

Irreversibility

Answer 20

Preoperational child’s failure to understand that an operation can go in two or more directions

Question 21

Theory of mind

Answer 21

Awareness and understanding of mental processes

Question 22

Encoding

Answer 22

Process by which information is prepared for long-term storage and later retrieval

Question 23

Storage

Answer 23

Retention of information in memory for future use

Question 24

Retrieval

Answer 24

Process by which information is accessed or recalled from memory storage

Question 25

Sensory memory

Answer 25

Initial, brief, temporary storage of sensory information

Question 26

Working memory

Answer 26

Short-term storage of information being actively processed

Question 27

Long-term memory

Answer 27

Storage of virtually unlimited capacity that holds information for long periods

Question 28

Central executive

Answer 28

Element of working memory that controls the processing of information

Question 29

Recognition

Answer 29

Ability to identify a previously encountered stimulus

Question 30

Recall

Answer 30

Ability to reproduce material from memory

Question 31

Metamemory

Answer 31

Understanding of processes of memory

Question 32

Metacognition

Answer 32

Thinking about thinking, or awareness of one's own mental processes

Question 33

Executive function

Answer 33

Conscious control of thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve problems

Question 34

Generic memory

Answer 34

Memory that produces scripts of familiar routines to guide behavior

Question 35

Script

Answer 35

General remembered outline of a familiar, repeated event, used to guide behavior

Question 36

Episodic memory

Answer 36

Long-term memory of specific experiences or events, linked to time and place

Question 37

Autobiographical memory

Answer 37

Memory of specific events in one's life

Question 38

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales

Answer 38

Individual intelligence tests for ages 2 and up used to measure fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, and working memory

Question 39

Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-IV)

Answer 39

Individual intelligence test for children, which yields verbal and performance scores as well as a combined score

Question 40

Fast mapping

Answer 40

Process by which a child absorbs the meaning of a new word after hearing it once or twice in a conversation

Question 41

Pragmatics

Answer 41

Practical knowledge needed to use language for communicative purposes Social context of language

Question 42

Private speech

Answer 42

Talking aloud to oneself with no intent to communicate with others

Question 43

Emergent Literacy

Answer 43

Preschoolers' development of skills, knowledge, and attitudes that underlie reading and writing