Chapter 2

Question 1

Theory

Answer 1

Coherent set of logically related concepts that seeks to organize, explain, and predict data

Question 2

Hypothesis

Answer 2

Possible explanations for phenomena, used to predict the outcome of research

Question 3

Mechanistic model

Answer 3

Model that views human development as a series of predictable responses to stimuli

Question 4

Assumptions about basic issues that explain development

Answer 4

Whether people are active or reactive in their own development
Whether development is continuous or occurs in stages

Question 5

Organismic Model

Answer 5

Model that views human development as internally initiated by an active organism and as occurring in a sequence of qualitatively different stages

Question 6

Quantitative change

Answer 6

Change in number or amount, such as height, weight, size of vocabulary, or frequency of communication

Question 7

Qualitative change

Answer 7

Discontinuous change in kind, structure, or organization

Question 8

5 major human development theories

Answer 8

Psychoanalytic
Learning
Cognitive
Contextual
Evolutionary/Sociobiological

Question 9

Psychoanalytic perspective

Answer 9

View of human development as shaped by unconscious forces that motivate human behavior

Question 10

Psychosexual development

Answer 10

Unvarying sequence of stages of childhood personality development in which gratification shifts from the mouth to the anus and then to the genitals

Question 11

Oral stage age

Answer 11

Birth to 12-18 months

Question 12

Oral stage pleasure

Answer 12

Mouth-oriented activities (sucking and feeding)

Question 13

Anal age

Answer 13

12-18 months to 3 years

Question 14

Anal stage pleasure

Answer 14

Withholding and expelling feces

Question 15

Phallic age

Answer 15

3 to 6 years

Question 16

Phallic stage pleasure

Answer 16

Attached to parent of other sex and later identifies with same-sex parent. Genital region

Question 17

Latency age

Answer 17

6 years to puberty

Question 18

Latency stage pleasure

Answer 18

Time of calm between turbulent stages

Question 19

Genital age

Answer 19

Puberty through adulthood

Question 20

Genital stage pleasure

Answer 20

Reemergence of sexual impulses channeled into mature adult sexuality

Question 21

Psychoanalytic guy

Answer 21

Freud

Question 22

Psychosocial guy

Answer 22

Erik Erikson

Question 23

Psychosocial development

Answer 23

Pattern of change in emotions, personality, and social relationships
In Erikson’s theory, socially and culturally influenced process of development of ego or self

Question 24

Learning prespective

Answer 24

View of human development that holds that changes in behavior result from experience or from adaptation to the environment

Question 25

Behaviorism

Answer 25

Learning theory that emphasizes the predictable role of environment in causing observable behavior

Question 26

Classical conditioning

Answer 26

Learning based on associating a stimulus that doesn't ordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus that does elicit the response

Question 27

Operant conditioning

Answer 27

Learning based on association of behavior with its consequences

Question 28

Reinforcement

Answer 28

Process by which a behavior is strengthened, increasing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

Question 29

Punishment

Answer 29

Process by which a behavior is weakened, decreasing the likelihood of repetition

Question 30

Tabula rasa approach

Answer 30

Mind is a blank slate

Question 31

Social learning theory

Answer 31

Theory that behaviors learned by observing and imitating models

Question 32

Reciprocal determinism

Answer 32

The person acts on the world as the world acts on the person

Question 33

Observational learning

Answer 33

Learning through watching the behavior of others

Question 34

Self-efficacy

Answer 34

Sense of one's capability to master challenges and achieve goals

Question 35

Cognitive perspective

Answer 35

View that thought processes are central to development

Question 36

Cognitive-stage theory

Answer 36

Piaget's theory that children's cognitive development advances in a series of four stages involving qualitatively distinct types of mental operations

Question 37

Cognitive-stage theory man

Answer 37

Jean Piaget

Question 38

Organization

Answer 38

The creation of categories or systems of knowledge

Question 39

Schemes

Answer 39

Organized patterns of thought and behavior used in particular situations

Question 40

Adaptation

Answer 40

Adjustment to new information about the environment, achieved through assimilation and accommodation

Question 41

Assimilation

Answer 41

Incorporation of new information into an existing cognitive structure

Question 42

Accommodation

Answer 42

Changes in a cognitive structure to include new information

Question 43

Equilibration

Answer 43

Tendency to seek a stable balance among cognitive elements

Question 44

Sociocultural Theory Guy

Answer 44

Lev Semenovich Vygotsky

Question 45

Sociocultural theory

Answer 45

How contextual facts affect children's development

Question 46

Zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Answer 46

Difference between what a child can do alone and what they can do with help

Question 47

Scaffolding

Answer 47

Temporary support to help a child master a task

Question 48

Information-processing approach

Answer 48

Observing and analyzing the mental processes involved in perceiving and handling information

Question 49

Contextual perspective

Answer 49

View of human development that sees the individual as inseparable from the social context

Question 50

Bioecological theory

Answer 50

Understanding processes and contexts of human development that identifies five levels of environmental influence

Question 51

Microsystem

Answer 51

Everyday environment

Question 52

Mesosystem

Answer 52

Interlocking influence of microsystems

Question 53

Exosystem

Answer 53

Interactions between a microsystem and an outside system

Question 54

Macrosystem

Answer 54

Overarching cultural patterns

Question 55

Chronosystem

Answer 55

Dimension of time

Question 57

Ethology

Answer 57

Study of distinctive adaptive behaviors of species of animals that have evolved to increase survival of the species

Question 58

Evolutionary psychology

Answer 58

Application of Darwinian principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest to individual behavior