Chapter 6

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

Relatively consistent blend of emotions, temperment, thought, and behavior

Question 2

Emotions

Answer 2

Subjective reactions to experience that are associated with physiological and behavioral changes

Question 3

Social smiling

Answer 3

Beginning in the 2nd month, newborn infants gaze at their parents and smile at them, signaling positive participation in the relationship

Question 4

Anticipatory smiling

Answer 4

Infant smiles at an object and then gazes at an adult while still smiling

Question 5

When does consciousness of self develop?

Answer 5

15-24 months

Question 6

Self-conscious emotions

Answer 6

Emotions, such as embarrassment, empathy, and envy, that depend on self-awareness

Question 7

Self-awareness

Answer 7

Realization that one’s existence and function are separate from those of other people and things

Question 8

Self-evaluative emotions

Answer 8

Emotions, such as pride, shame, and guilt, that depend on both self-awareness and knowledge of socially accepted standards of behavior

Question 9

Altruistic behavior

Answer 9

Activity intended to help another person with no expectation of reward

Question 10

Empathy

Answer 10

Ability to put oneself in another person’s place and feel what the other person feels

Question 11

Mirror neurons

Answer 11

Neurons that fire when a person does something or observes someone else doing the same thing

Question 12

Temperment

Answer 12

Characteristic disposition, or style of approaching and reacting to situations

Question 13

Easy children

Answer 13

Children with generally happy temperament, regular biological rhythms, and readiness to accept new experiences

Question 14

Difficult children

Answer 14

Children with irritable temperament, irregular biological rhythms, and intense emotional responses

Question 15

Slow-to-warm-up children

Answer 15

Children whose temperament is generally mild but who are hesitant about accepting new experiences

Question 16

Goodness of fit

Answer 16

Appropriateness of environmental demands and constraints to a child’s temperament

Question 17

WEIRD cultures

Answer 17

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich and Democratic

Question 18

Gender-typing

Answer 18

Socialization process by which children, at an early age, learn appropriate gender roles

Question 19

Basic sense of trust versus mistrust

Answer 19

Erikson’s first stage in psychosocial development, in which infants develop a sense of the reliability of people and objects

Question 20

Attachment

Answer 20

Reciprocal, enduring tie between two people, each of whom contributes to the quality of the relationship

Question 21

Strange situation

Answer 21

Lab technique used to study infant attachment

Question 22

Secure attatchment

Answer 22

Pattern in which an infant is quickly and effectively able to obtain comfort from an attachment figure in the face of distress

Question 23

Avoidant attatchment

Answer 23

Pattern in which an infant rarely cries when separated from the primary caregiver and avoids contact on their return

Question 24

Ambivalent attatchment

Answer 24

Pattern in which an infant becomes anxious before the primary caregiver leaves, is extremely upset during their absence, and both seeks and resists contact on their return

Question 25

Disorganized-disoriented attatchment

Answer 25

Pattern in which an infant, after separation from the primary caregiver, shows contradictory, repetitious, or misdirected behaviors on their return

Question 26

Stranger anxiety

Answer 26

Wariness of strange people and places, shown by some infants during the second half of the first year

Question 27

Separation anxiety

Answer 27

Distress shown by someone, typically an infant, when a familiar caregiver leaves

Question 28

Mutual regulation

Answer 28

Process by which infant and caregiver communicate emotional states to each other and respond appropriately

Question 29

Interactional synchrony

Answer 29

The synchronized coordination of behavior and affect between a caregiver and an infant

Question 30

Still-face paradigm

Answer 30

Experimental methodology in which a parent first interacts typically with their child, then keeps their face still and expressionless, and then ends with a return to typical behavior; used to demonstrate synchrony

Question 31

Social referencing

Answer 31

Understanding an ambiguous situation by seeking another person's perception of it

Question 32

Self-concept

Answer 32

Sense of self; descriptive and evaluative mental picture of one's abilities and traits

Question 33

Autonomy vs shame and doubt

Answer 33

Erikson's second stage in psychosocial development, in which children achieve a balance between self-determination and control by others

Question 34

Socialization

Answer 34

Development of habits, skills, values, and motives shared by responsible, productive members of society

Question 35

Internalization

Answer 35

During socialization, process by which children accept societal standards of conduct as their own

Question 36

Self-regulation

Answer 36

A child's independent control of behavior to conform to understand social expectations

Question 37

Conscience

Answer 37

Internal standards of behavior, which usually control one's conduct and produce emotional discomfort when violated

Question 38

Situational compliance

Answer 38

Kochanska's term for obedience of a parent's orders only in the presence of signs of ongoing parental control

Question 39

Committed compliance

Answer 39

Kochanska's term for wholehearted obedience of a parent's orders without reminders or lapses

Question 40

Receptive cooperation

Answer 40

Kochanska's term for eager willingness to cooperate harmoniously with a parent in daily interactions, including routines, chores, hygiene, and play

Question 41

Nonorganic failure to thrive

Answer 41

Slowed or arrested physical growth with no known medical cause, accompanied by poor developmental and emotional functioning

Question 42

Shaken baby syndrome

Answer 42

Form of maltreatment in which shaking an infant or toddler can cause brain damage, paralysis or death