Chapter 5

Question 1

Behaviorist approach

Answer 1

Approach to the study of cognitive development that is concerned with basic mechanics of learning

Question 2

Psychometric approach (cog dev)

Answer 2

Approach to the study of cognitive development that seeks to measure intelligence quantitatively

Question 3

Piagetian approach

Answer 3

Approach to the study of cognitive development that describes qualitative stages in cognitive functioning

Question 4

Information-processing approach

Answer 4

Approach to the study of cognitive development by observing and analyzing the mental processes involved in perceiving and handling information

Question 5

Cognitive neuroscience approach

Answer 5

Approach to the study of cognitive development that links brain processes with cognitive ones

Question 6

Social-contextual approach

Answer 6

Approach to the study of cognitive development that focuses on environmental influences, particularly parents and other caregivers

Question 7

Intelligent behavior

Answer 7

Behavior that is goal oriented and adaptive to the circumstances and conditions of life

Question 8

IQ tests

Answer 8

Psychometric tests that seek to measure intelligence by comparing a test-taker’s performance with standardized norms

Question 9

Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development

Answer 9

Standardized test of infants’ and toddlers’ mental and motor development

Question 10

Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME)

Answer 10

Instrument to measure the influence of the home environment on children’s cognitive growth (cognitively stimulating tasks)

Question 11

Early intervention

Answer 11

Systematic process of providing services to help families meet young children’s developmental needs

Question 12

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 12

Piaget’s first stage in cognitive development, in which infants learn through senses and motor activity

Question 13

Schemes

Answer 13

Piaget’s term for organized patterns of thought and behavior used in particular situations

Question 14

Circular reactions

Answer 14

Piaget’s term for processes by which an infant learns to reproduce desired occurrences originally discovered by chance

Question 15

Representational ability

Answer 15

Piaget’s term for capacity to store mental images or symbols of objects and events

Question 16

Piaget’s substage 1

Answer 16

use of reflexes, modify and extend scheme but don’t coordinate information from senses

Question 17

Piaget’s substage 2

Answer 17

primary circular reactions, repeat a pleasurable body sensation found by chance, coordinate different kinds of sensory info

Question 18

Piaget’s substage 3

Answer 18

secondary circular reactions, manipulating objects, actions are intentional but not goal-directed

Question 19

Piaget’s substage 4

Answer 19

coordination of secondary schemes, behavior is more intentional, goal-directed and complex

Question 20

Piaget’s substage 5

Answer 20

tertiary circular reactions, experiment to see what will happen, trial and error towards a goal

Question 21

Piaget’s substage 6

Answer 21

mental combinations, mentally represent objects and actions, thin about actions before taking them and try out solutions in their mind

Question 22

Key developments of the sensorimotor stage

Answer 22

Imitation, object permanence, symbolic development, categorization, causality, and number

Question 23

Object permanence

Answer 23

Understanding that a person or object still exists when out of sight

Question 24

Deferred imitation

Answer 24

Reproduction of an observed behavior after the passage of time by calling up a stored symbol of it

Question 25

Scale error

Answer 25

a momentary misperception of the relative sizes of objects

Question 26

Dual representation hypothesis

Answer 26

Proposal that children under age 3 have difficulty grasping spatial relationships because of the need to keep more than one mental representation in mind at the same time

Question 27

Habituation

Answer 27

Type of learning in which familiarity with a stimulus reduces, slows, or stops a response

Question 28

Dishabituation

Answer 28

Increase in responsiveness after presentation of a new stimulus

Question 29

Visual preference

Answer 29

Tendency of infants to spend more time looking at one sight than another

Question 30

Visual recognition memory

Answer 30

Ability to distinguish a familiar visual stimulus from an unfamiliar one when shown both at the same time

Question 31

Joint attention

Answer 31

Shared attentional focus, typically initiated with eye gaze or pointing

Question 32

Cross-modal transfer

Answer 32

Ability to use information gained by one sense to guide another

Question 33

When does categorization appear

Answer 33

18 months

Question 34

Violation-of-expectations

Answer 34

Research method in which dishabituation to a stimulus that conflicts with experience is taken as evidence that an infant recognizes the new stimulus as surprising

Question 35

Cognitive neuroscience approach

Answer 35

Approach to the study of cognitive development that links brain processes with cognitive ones

Question 36

Implicit memory

Answer 36

Unconscious recall, generally of habits and skills

Question 37

Explicit memory

Answer 37

Intentional and conscious memory, generally of facts, names, and events

Question 38

Working memory

Answer 38

Short-term storage of information being processed

Question 39

Social-contextual approach

Answer 39

Approach to the study of cognitive development that focuses on environmental influences, particularly parents

Question 40

Guided participation

Answer 40

Adult's participation in a child's activity that helps to structure it and bring the child's understanding of it closer to the adults

Question 41

Nativism

Answer 41

Theory that humans have an inborn capacity for language aquisition

Question 42

Language acquisition device (LAD)

Answer 42

Inborn mechanism that enables children to infer linguistic rules from the language they hear

Question 43

Prelinguistic speech

Answer 43

Forerunner of linguistic speech; utterance of sounds that are not words

Question 44

linguistic speech

Answer 44

Verbal expression designed to convey meaning

Question 45

Holophrase

Answer 45

Single word that conveys a complete thought

Question 46

Child-directed speech (CDS)

Answer 46

Form of speech often used in talking to babies and toddlers