Chapter 8 Flashcards
mood
a longer-lasting less intense state that is not necessarily influenced by specific events/something happen in the present
i.e., you wake up feeling a certain mood. Notice that this isn’t due to exposure to something specific
less intense, longer lasting
emotion
a temporary state that includes unqiue subjective experiences and physiological activity
in response to something **SPECIFIC **
prepares us for action!
more temporary, response to something specific, more intense
appraisal
evaluations and interpretations of emotional-relevant aspects of a stimulus/event
can be conscious or unconscious
action tendencies
a readiness to enegage in a specific set of emotion-relevant behaviors
emotional expression
an observable expression of an emotional state
tone, gaze direction and intensity, gait rhythm (how fast you’re walking), facial expression
charles darwin
universality hypothesis
all emotional expressions (facial expressions) mean the same thing to all people in all places at all times
paul eckman
added onto darwin’s universailty hypthesis by saying there are six basic universal emotions exist across cultures
found that these tribes also use the roughly 6 universal expressions
there is a genetic component to facial expression
6 basic emotions
- happy
- sad
- fear
- anger
- surprise
- disgust
facial feedback hypothesis
eomotional expressions can cause emotional experiences
study showing that people holding a pencil in their mouths (forcing a smiling/happy facial expressions) rate situations as more funny than those who have a neutral facial expression
emotional contagion
phenomenon in which a person unconsciously mirrors emotion that others are expressing
theories of emotion - charles darwin
in 1872, said emotions are adaptive and emotional expressions serve as communication tools
- servicable associated habits: emotions serve a purpose, and they are habitual (a force of habit)
- principle of antithesis: opposite emotions have opposite bodily expression (an angry dog is stiff, presents themselves as large, a relaxed dog is
- direct actions of the nervous system on the body: trembling in response to excess fear AND laughter in response to unused excitement
jessica tracy (2014)
- an evolutionary account of distinct emotions.
different emotions:
* serve different survival adaptations
* emotions evolved to serve specific purposes
distinct emotions have multpile components that unfold over time (behaviors, cognitions, feelings, phisology and hormones, peceptions of sensations, mon-verbal signals)
james lange theory (1884)
distinct emotions arise from distinct physiological arousal patterns in the body
Here is his proposed process of emotion:
1. perceive the phsyical stimulus -> stimulus perception leads to unique physiological arousal -> unique physiological arousal leads to identification of the emotional experience
cannon-bard theory (1927)
physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously
- perceive the stimulus in the environment
- receive the message at the thalamus, a subcortical brain structure
- then, we produce bodily changes and emotional experience/expression AT THE SAME TIME
two-factor theory (1962)
stimuli trigger a general state of physiological arousal, which is then interpreted as a specific emotion
Process:
1. event
2. arousal
3. label
4. emotion
specific emotions
fear
a basic, intense, emotion aroused by the detection of an imminent threat
motivates distress vocalizations - sounds, proeudced in the presence of painful, stressful, or threatening stimuli
Urbach-Wiethe Disease
a disease where the amygdala gets calcified and fear becomes impossible
indicates the importance of the amygdala in emotion processing
specific emotions
anger
basic, intense emotion characterized by:
* tension and hostility arising from frustration
* real or imagined injury by another
* perceived injustice
catharsis hypothesis
express negative emotions produced a healthy release of those emotions
Research suggests this is false, that it increases anger and increases interpersonal conflicts, makes you more aggressive
motivation
refers to the internal causes of purposeful behavior
homeostasis
stable internal environment
upsetting homeostasis leads to drive, which is a motivation to relieve that different between your desired (homeostatic) state and your current upset state
biological motivation
physiological needs necessary for survival
hunger
the need to eat
regulated by the hypothalamus
1 of 3 eating disorders
binge eating disorder
uncontrollable episodes of consuming a large amount of calories **in a short time **
the most common eating disorder in the world
1 of 3 eating disorders
bulimia nervosa
uncontrollable consumption of a large number of calories, followed by a compensatory behavior
- laxatives
- excessive exercise
characterized by a lack of control
1 of 3 eating disorders
anorexia nervosa
intense fear of being overweight.
Body dysmoprhia not being able to accurately judge body composition (excessively skinny people think they are overweight)
psychological motivation
unique to humans
there are limitless forms of psychological motivation
maslow’s hierarchy of needs
theory of motivation
5 layers:
1. physiological needs
2. safety needs
3. love and belonging
4. esteem
5. self-actualization
approach motivation
motivation to experience positive outcomes
avoidance motivation
motivation to avoid experiencing negative outcomes
hedonic principle
people are primarily motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain
accomplish this via emotion regulation - strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience
hedonic treadmill
tendency for happiness to return to a baseline despite positive and negative experiences
we have a baseline level of happiness and that is where we are going to stay
extrinsic motivation
motivation to take actions that lead to reward, arisees from external factors
the action has a payoff
intrinsic motivation
motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding
arises from internal factors
the action is the payoff
overjustification effect
when you do something that you find intrinsically rewarding, being extrinsically rewarded for it **decreases the intrinsic reward for it **
