Chapter 12

Question 1

social psychology

Answer 1

study of causes and consequences of sociality

attempts to understand the social dynamics of everyday life

Question 2

intra vs interpersonal concepts

Answer 2

intra: emotions, attitudes, internal-facing dynamics
Inter: how you act with something/someone outside of you, external facing dynamics

Question 3

social influence

Answer 3

ability to change or direct another person’s behavior

3 motives for social influence: hedonie, approval, and accuracy

Question 4

types of motives

approval motive

Answer 4

motivated to be accepted and to avoid being rejected

desire for belonging in social contexts is an evolutionary driver of our percpetion and behavior

Question 5

types of motives

accuracy motive

Answer 5

we want to be correct, beleive what is true, as often as possible

we want to avoid “wrong” actions

We will follow people who are “right” and shun those who are wrong

Question 6

norms

Answer 6

customary standards for behavior that are widely shared by members of a culture

some norms are shared by the whole world, in some cultures, and maybe just in families

Question 7

norm of reciprocity

Answer 7

unwritten rule

**people should benefit those who have benefited them **

Question 8

conformity

Answer 8

tendency to do what others do

results in a behavior change to “go along” with the group

in the military, there is a high desire for conformity

Question 9

Solomon Asche Study of Conformity

Answer 9

displayed the influence of group consensus of conformity

A group of confederates falsely identified the length of a line, which caused a study participant to also willingly identify the wrong line length

demonstrates the impact of social pressure

Question 10

groupthink

Answer 10

group decision-making style characterized by an excessive tendency among group members *to reach the same consensus *

NASA Challenger Disaster is an example

high conformity is valued so much so that any opposing information is rejected

Question 11

obedience

Answer 11

the tendency to do what authorities tell us to do

Milgram Experiment and Stanford prison experiment

Question 12

confederates

Answer 12

fake test subject/study participants

Question 13

type of accuracy motive

informational influence

Answer 13

anothe person’s behavior provides information about what is good or true

Question 14

persuasion

Answer 14

a person’s attitudes or beleifs are influenced by communication from another person

central route vs peripheral route persuasion

Question 15

consistency

Answer 15

agreement, harmony or compatibility

especially correspondence or uniformity among the parts of a complex thing

we want to act in line with what they say

Question 16

cognitive dissonance

Answer 16

an inconsistency between what we
* feel
* do
* act

the state of tension that results is called cognitive dissonance

Question 17

strive for consistency

Answer 17

people tend to alter their attitudes/beliefs to match their behavior

Question 18

social cognition

Answer 18

the process by which people think about and understand ourselves and others

Question 19

stereotype

Answer 19

the process of drawing inferences about individuals based on their **category membership **

can lead to prejudice andiscrimination

Question 20

heuristic thinking

Answer 20

mental shortcuts that allow people to solve problems and make judgements quickly and efficiently

Question 21

self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 21

an expectation held by a person that alters their behavior in a way that *tends to make it true *

Question 22

attribution

Answer 22

an inference about the cause of a person’s behavior

there are internal and external/situational attributions

Question 23

fundamental attribution error

Answer 23

the tendency for observers to attribute other people’s behavior to dispositional causes and to downplay situational causes

Because someone is driving poorly, we assume it’s because they are a bad person (dispositional)

Question 24

actor-observer effect

Answer 24

the tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviors while making dispositional attributions for the identical behavior of others

Question 25

impression formation

Answer 25

process during which individuals from either a psoitive or negative perception about people or groups

Question 26

the primacy effect

Answer 26

the tendency of information learned first is to be weighted more heavily than information learned later

negative information is especially influential

Question 27

confirmation bias

Answer 27

tendency to search for and favor information that supports our preexisting beliefs

decreased attention to information that is inconsistent with current beliefs

Question 28

attraction

Answer 28

complex interplay of attitudes, behaviors, and cognitions that draws individuals together

Question 29

mere exposure effect

Answer 29

the tendency for liking of a stimulus to increase with the frequency of exposure to that stimulus

Question 30

proximity

Answer 30

the more regularly you are exposed to someone or something, the more favorably you view them

Question 31

physical appearance

Answer 31

symmetry, body shape, and age (signals of fertility)

Question 32

psychological factors

Answer 32

similarity (leads to agreement, validations, and liking)

research shows that psychological similarity is attractive

Question 33

love

Answer 33

complex emotion involving strong feelings of affection and tenderness for the love object, pleasurable sensations in their presence, devotion to their well-being and sensitivity to their reactions to oneself

Question 34

sternberg’s triangular theory of love

Answer 34

different components of love lead to different types of love

1. intimacy - emotional sharing
2. passion - lust, physical attraction
3. commitment - decision to maintain the relationship

Question 35

aggression

Answer 35

purposeful behavior intended to harm another

affected by both nature and nurture

Question 36

proactive aggression

Answer 36

aggression that is planned and purposeful

Question 37

reactive aggression

Answer 37

aggression that occurs sponstaneously* in response to* a negative affective state

Question 38

cooperation

Answer 38

behavior by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit

Question 39

prisoner’s dilemma

Answer 39

captures the tension between doing what is good for the individual versus what is good for everyone

Question 40

altruism

Answer 40

intentional behavior that benefits another at a potential cost to oneself

more likely to act altruistically towards your relatives than any others

Question 41

group

Answer 41

a collection of people who have something in common that distringuishes them from others

Question 42

diffusion of responsibility

Answer 42

the tendency to feel diminished responsibility for one’s actions when surrounded by others who are acting the same way

Question 43

bystander effect

Answer 43

the tendency for people to be less likely to help a stranger in an emergency situation when other bystanders are present

“someone else will do something, so I don’t have to”