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Radford University - Psych 121 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

reliability

A

consistency of a measure

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2
Q

test-retest reliability

A

consistency of a test over time

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3
Q

validity

A

accuracy of a measure

to be valid, a measure must also be reliable

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4
Q

personality

A

an individual’s characteristic style of behaving, thinking, and feeling

set of psychological traits and mechanisms within the individual that are organized and relatively enduring and that influence the individual’s interactions with the environment

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5
Q

types of tests

self-report tests

A

individuals provide subjective information about their own thoughts, feelings, or behaviors via questionnaire/interveiw

examples: MMPI

issue: we don’t know ourselves as well as we think we do…

Also, social desirability is an issue. Meaning, when you take a test, you present yourself in a more socially desirable way than the way you really are

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6
Q

types of tests

projective tests

A

designed to reveeal inner aspects of individuals’ personalities by analysis of their responses to an standard serious of ambiguous stimuli

Example: rorschach inkblot test

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7
Q

are projective tests valid?

A

no, they are too subjective. But, they can be useful reflective tools for a therapist-patient relationship

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8
Q

psychodynamic approach to personality

A

personality is formed by
* needs
* strivings
* desires

largely operating outside of awareness

sigmund freud said that the mind is composed of the unconscious, the preconscious, and the conscious. Also, conflicts between biological aggressive urges + pleasure seeking drivers vs. internal control over these drives = personalities

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9
Q

Freud - layers of personality

id

A

contains the drives present at birth, source of bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses

the pleasure principle

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10
Q

Freud - layers of personality

superego

A

reflects the internalization of cultural rules

tells you about right and wrong (your moral compass)

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11
Q

Freud - layers of personality

ego

A

acts as the mediator between the id and the superego

enables us to deal with practical demands of life

it’s the reality principle

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12
Q

managing the id, superego, and ego

A

freud said that dynamics among the systems are goverened by anxiety

an unpleasant feeling that arises when unwanted thoughts or feelings occur

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13
Q

repression

A

removing painful experiences and unacceptable impulses from unconsciousness

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14
Q

projection

A

attributing unacceptable impulses and desires to others

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15
Q

regression

A

reverting to an immature behvaior or earlier state of development after a threat

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16
Q

displacement

A

shifting unacceptable drives to a neutral or less threatening altenrative

directing your emotion from one person to an underserving “other.”

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17
Q

neo-Freudian approaches

carl jung (1923)

A

proposed the ideas introversion and extraversion

18
Q

introversion tendencies

A
  • energized by being along
  • prefers written communication
  • speaks slowly and softly
  • avoids attention
19
Q

extraversion tendencies

A
  • energized by being with others
  • prefers verbal communication
  • speaks quickly and loudly
  • seeks attention
20
Q

the trait approach

A

realtively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistnet way (over time, and across situations)

this is a description, not an explanation. You could say someone is organized, but you don’t know why. That’s a weakness of this approach

21
Q

lexical approach

A

refers to language and vocabulary

determining fundamental personality traits by analyzing language

there are 18,000 andjectives that describe personality

22
Q

the big 5 factor model

A

based on research from the lexical approach

most valid and comprehensive measure of personality
* O: openness
* C: conscientiousness
* E: extraversion
* A: agreeableness
* N: neuroticism

23
Q

biological approach to personality

A

inherited predispositions and physiological processes can be used to explain individual differences in our personality

changes in personality can be traced back to genetics

personality is due to both nature and nurture

24
Q
A
25
Q

what is the best way to study biology and cultural influences on personality?

A

studying fraternal and identical twins, especially studying identical twins raised in different households.

There will be differences in the traits expressed

26
Q

Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart

A

illustrated that certaint raits are strongly incluenced by **genetics **

genetics explain 50-70% of personality variance
cultural influences can make up 30% of the variance

27
Q

humanistic approach to personality

A

emphasizes a positive, optimisitic view of human nature that highlights peoples’ inherent goodness and potential for perosnal growth

28
Q

Humanistic Approach

Abraham Maslow

A

created the hierarchy of needs

came up with self-actualizing tendency, or the human motive towards realizing inner potential

29
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A
30
Q

Humanistic Approach

Carl Rogers

A

stated there is a self-concept. A person’s explicit knowledge of their own behaviors, traits, and other personal characteristics

your self-esteem results from the different between the ideal and actual self. The further they are apart, the lower the self-esteem

31
Q

self-esteem

A

the extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self

how you think about your self-concept

high - positive self-view, view the self as worthy and competent
low - absence of positive self-view, view the self as nothing special and just okay

32
Q

conditional vs unconditional positive regard

A

conditional - conditions to whether you’re given postiive regards (if you score enough points on this test, you’ll be given positive regard)

unconditional - no conditions, given no matter what, acceptance along all dimensions (I’ll love you no matter how highly you score on this exam)

the best way to have healthy personality development is unconditional positive regard

33
Q

dark triad of personality traits

A

narcissism

34
Q

dark triad

narcissism

A

associated with a sense of gradiosity, entitlment, superiority, and self-orientation

there is a difference between narcistic traits and narcistic personality disorder

35
Q

dark triad

machiavelianism

A

associated with manipulativeness, self-interest, exploitation of others and a-morality (lack of morality)

characterized by manipulation

36
Q

dark triad

psychopathy

A

associated with impulsivity, antisocial actions and a lack of empathy/remorse

anti-social personality disorder

make impulse decisions, lack social nature, do things for themselves

37
Q

social-cognitive approach

A

personality viewed in terms of how a person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life behaves in response to them

focuses on the person-situation controversy

states that cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors interact

38
Q

outcome expectancies

A

person’s assumptions about the likely consequences of a future behavior

39
Q

locus of control

A

a person’s tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment

internal locus of control - you make things happen
external locus of control - things happen to you

40
Q

learned helplessness

A

mental state where a person beleives they are unable to control situations, even when they could do so

41
Q

self-serving bias

A

people tend to take credit for their successes but downplay responsibility for their failures

42
Q
A

Radford University - Psych 121 (6 decks)

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