Chapter 11

Question 1

reliability

Answer 1

consistency of a measure

Question 2

test-retest reliability

Answer 2

consistency of a test over time

Question 3

validity

Answer 3

accuracy of a measure

to be valid, a measure must also be reliable

Question 4

personality

Answer 4

an individual’s characteristic style of behaving, thinking, and feeling

set of psychological traits and mechanisms within the individual that are organized and relatively enduring and that influence the individual’s interactions with the environment

Question 5

types of tests

self-report tests

Answer 5

individuals provide subjective information about their own thoughts, feelings, or behaviors via questionnaire/interveiw

examples: MMPI

issue: we don’t know ourselves as well as we think we do…

Also, social desirability is an issue. Meaning, when you take a test, you present yourself in a more socially desirable way than the way you really are

Question 6

types of tests

projective tests

Answer 6

designed to reveeal inner aspects of individuals’ personalities by analysis of their responses to an standard serious of ambiguous stimuli

Example: rorschach inkblot test

Question 7

are projective tests valid?

Answer 7

no, they are too subjective. But, they can be useful reflective tools for a therapist-patient relationship

Question 8

psychodynamic approach to personality

Answer 8

personality is formed by
* needs
* strivings
* desires

largely operating outside of awareness

sigmund freud said that the mind is composed of the unconscious, the preconscious, and the conscious. Also, conflicts between biological aggressive urges + pleasure seeking drivers vs. internal control over these drives = personalities

Question 9

Freud - layers of personality

id

Answer 9

contains the drives present at birth, source of bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses

the pleasure principle

Question 10

Freud - layers of personality

superego

Answer 10

reflects the internalization of cultural rules

tells you about right and wrong (your moral compass)

Question 11

Freud - layers of personality

ego

Answer 11

acts as the mediator between the id and the superego

enables us to deal with practical demands of life

it’s the reality principle

Question 12

managing the id, superego, and ego

Answer 12

freud said that dynamics among the systems are goverened by anxiety

an unpleasant feeling that arises when unwanted thoughts or feelings occur

Question 13

repression

Answer 13

removing painful experiences and unacceptable impulses from unconsciousness

Question 14

projection

Answer 14

attributing unacceptable impulses and desires to others

Question 15

regression

Answer 15

reverting to an immature behvaior or earlier state of development after a threat

Question 16

displacement

Answer 16

shifting unacceptable drives to a neutral or less threatening altenrative

directing your emotion from one person to an underserving “other.”

Question 17

neo-Freudian approaches

carl jung (1923)

Answer 17

proposed the ideas introversion and extraversion

Question 18

introversion tendencies

Answer 18

• energized by being along
• prefers written communication
• speaks slowly and softly
• avoids attention

Question 19

extraversion tendencies

Answer 19

• energized by being with others
• prefers verbal communication
• speaks quickly and loudly
• seeks attention

Question 20

the trait approach

Answer 20

realtively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistnet way (over time, and across situations)

this is a description, not an explanation. You could say someone is organized, but you don’t know why. That’s a weakness of this approach

Question 21

lexical approach

Answer 21

refers to language and vocabulary

determining fundamental personality traits by analyzing language

there are 18,000 andjectives that describe personality

Question 22

the big 5 factor model

Answer 22

based on research from the lexical approach

most valid and comprehensive measure of personality
* O: openness
* C: conscientiousness
* E: extraversion
* A: agreeableness
* N: neuroticism

Question 23

biological approach to personality

Answer 23

inherited predispositions and physiological processes can be used to explain individual differences in our personality

changes in personality can be traced back to genetics

personality is due to both nature and nurture

Question 25

what is the best way to study biology and cultural influences on personality?

Answer 25

studying fraternal and identical twins, especially studying identical twins raised in different households. There will be differences in the traits expressed

Question 26

Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart

Answer 26

illustrated that certaint raits are strongly incluenced by **genetics ** genetics explain 50-70% of personality variance cultural influences can make up 30% of the variance

Question 27

humanistic approach to personality

Answer 27

emphasizes a positive, optimisitic view of human nature that highlights peoples' inherent goodness and **potential for perosnal growth**

Question 28

# Humanistic Approach Abraham Maslow

Answer 28

created the hierarchy of needs came up with self-actualizing tendency, or the human motive towards realizing inner potential

Question 29

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Question 30

# Humanistic Approach Carl Rogers

Answer 30

stated there is a self-concept. A person's explicit knowledge of their own behaviors, traits, and other personal characteristics ## Footnote your self-esteem results from the different between the ideal and actual self. The further they are apart, the lower the self-esteem

Question 31

self-esteem

Answer 31

the extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self | how you think about your self-concept ## Footnote high - positive self-view, view the self as worthy and competent low - absence of positive self-view, view the self as nothing special and just okay

Question 32

conditional vs unconditional positive regard

Answer 32

**conditional** - conditions to whether you're given postiive regards (if you score enough points on this test, you'll be given positive regard) **unconditional** - no conditions, given no matter what, acceptance along all dimensions (I'll love you no matter how highly you score on this exam) ## Footnote the best way to have healthy personality development is unconditional positive regard

Question 33

dark triad of personality traits

Answer 33

narcissism

Question 34

# dark triad narcissism

Answer 34

associated with a sense of gradiosity, entitlment, superiority, and self-orientation ## Footnote there is a difference between narcistic traits and narcistic personality disorder

Question 35

# dark triad machiavelianism

Answer 35

associated with manipulativeness, self-interest, exploitation of others and a-morality (lack of morality) ## Footnote **characterized by manipulation**

Question 36

# dark triad psychopathy

Answer 36

associated with impulsivity, antisocial actions and a lack of empathy/remorse | anti-social personality disorder ## Footnote make impulse decisions, lack social nature, do things for themselves

Question 37

social-cognitive approach

Answer 37

personality viewed in terms of how a person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life behaves in response to them | focuses on the person-situation controversy ## Footnote states that cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors interact

Question 38

outcome expectancies

Answer 38

person's assumptions about the likely consequences of a future behavior

Question 39

locus of control

Answer 39

a person's tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment **internal locus of control** - you make things happen **external locus of control** - things happen to you

Question 40

learned helplessness

Answer 40

mental state where a person beleives they are unable to control situations, even when they could do so

Question 41

self-serving bias

Answer 41

people tend to **take credit for their successes** but **downplay responsibility** for their failures