Chapter 7

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

acquisition of new knowledge and skills that results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes

occurs through experience

Question 2

what learning does not occur as a result of experience?

Answer 2

instincts and reflexes are innate

Question 3

habituation

Answer 3

repeated or prolonged exposure to a sitmulus results in a gradual reduction in response

living by a train makes you less sensitive to the sounds of the train coming and going

Question 4

sensitization

Answer 4

presentatio fo a stimulus leads to an increased response to a later stimulus

if you have been robbed at night, you might be much more sensitive to noises at night that before

Question 5

associative learning

Answer 5

form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli that occur together in the environment

Question 6

associative learning

classical conditioning

Answer 6

association between
* stimuli
* response

a type of learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired witha natural response-producing stimulus

Question 7

associative learning

operant conditioning

Answer 7

association between
* behavior
* consequence

Question 8

who discovered classical conditioning

Answer 8

Ivan Pavlov

russian physiologist who was studying salivation in dogs and accidentally conditioning

found that dogs were salivating in response to his footsteps or labcoat

Question 9

classical conditioning

stimulus

Answer 9

anything in the environment that is measurable and detectable

Question 10

classical conditioning

response

Answer 10

emotional cognitive or behavioral reaction in response to a stimulus

Question 11

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 11

a stimulus that reliably produces a naturally occurring response (reflexive response)

this stimulus natrually produces an unconditioned response

Question 12

uncoditioned response

Answer 12

a reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus

Question 13

neutral stimulus

Answer 13

a stimulus that does not initially elicit a response

Question 14

acquisition

Answer 14

when an organism learns to associated a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus

this is where learning begins

pavlov paired the dog food

Question 15

conditioned stimulus

Answer 15

a previously neutral stimulus that produces a reliable response in an organism after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 16

conditioned repsonse

Answer 16

a reaction that is reliably produced by a conditioned stimulus

Question 17

second-order conditioning

Answer 17

using a condiditioned stimulus to a condition a neutral simulus

Question 18

extinction

Answer 18

the gradual elimination of a conditioned response that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus

Question 19

little albert scenario

Answer 19

uncoditioned stimulus - loud noise
unconditioned response - fear and being startled
neutral stimulus -
conditioned stimulus - white rat
conditioned response - fear and startle response

Question 20

stimulus generalization

Answer 20

demonstrating

Question 21

operant conditioning

Answer 21

a type of learning in which the consequences of an organism’s behavior determine whether it will repeat that behvaior in the future

idea was developed by Edward Thorndike

Question 22

law of effect

Answer 22

principle that behaviors that are followed by a “satisfying state of affairs” tend to be repeated, and those that produce an “unpleasant state of affairs” are less likely to be repeated

Question 23

BF Skinner

Answer 23

the most famous figure associated with operant conditioned

defined operant behavior - behavior that has some impact on the environment (and whose likelihood of recurrence is influence by consequences)

developed the skinner box

Question 24

conditioning chamber

Answer 24

also known as the “skinner box”

demonstrated operant conditioning in rats

Question 25

reinforcement

Answer 25

any stimulus that increases the likelihood of behavior in the future

always promotes a behavior

Question 26

punishment

Answer 26

any stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a behavior

always decreases a behavior

Question 27

positive and negative in reinforcement

Answer 27

positive - means something is added

negative - something is removed

Question 28

social learning theory

Answer 28

learning occurs through observation, limitation, and modleing and is influenced by factosr such as attention, motivation, attitudes, and emotions

mirror neurons are behind this type of learning

Question 29

observational learning

Answer 29

a process in which an organism learns by watching others (called models)

there are vicarious consequences, which are consequences that occur to someone else but direct our own behavior

most often happens within the same species

Question 30

mirror neurons

Answer 30

active we watch someone do something else

Question 31

bobo doll study - albert bandura

Answer 31

study examining aggression and social learning

showed how 4 year olds model aggressive behavior based on social learning