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Radford University - Psych 121 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

memory

A

ability to store and retrive information

set of prececesses used to encode

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2
Q

HSAM

A

highly superior autobiogrpahical memory

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3
Q

describe HSAM

A
  • obsessive compulsive tendencies
  • cognitive exhaustion due to constant stimulation by retreival cues
  • doesn’t help with retrival of information that is not related to timelines/personally-experienced events
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4
Q

encoding

A

process of transofrming what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory

committing something to memory

there are 3 total types of encoding

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5
Q

what is vital for encoding to happen?

A

focus/attention

whateveer we attend to is what has the chance to become a long-term memory

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6
Q

type of encoding

semantic encoding

A

process os relating new information ina meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in memory

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7
Q

type of encoding

visual imagery encoding

A

process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures

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8
Q

type of encoding

oganizational encoding

A

process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items

listing condiments, baked goods, household items (like items) together makes recall easier

example: making a grocery list

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9
Q

memory

storage

A

process of maintaining information in memory over time

creation of a “permanent record” of information

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10
Q

types of memory stores

A
  1. sensory
  2. short-term
  3. long-term
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11
Q

types of stores

Sensory memory

A

type of memory

holds sensory informatoin for a few seconds or less

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12
Q

types of sensory memory storage

A
  1. haptic
  2. echoic
  3. iconinc
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13
Q

types of sensory memory

haptic

A

fast-decaying store of tactile information

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14
Q

types of sensory memory

echoic

A

fast-decaying store of auditory informaiton

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15
Q

types of sensory memory

iconic

A
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16
Q

short term memory

there are techiniques to enhance this

A

holds non-sensory information for more than a few seconds, but less than a minute

longest storage is 15-18 seconds

capacity is 7 plus or minus 2 units of information

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17
Q

are numbers typically recalled better than letters?

A

yes

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18
Q

strategies for solidifying short-term memory

A
  1. reherasl - mental repetition of information
  2. chunking - grouping letters or numbers into small groups for easier memory
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19
Q

working memory

A

active maintenance and manipulation/integratiointo short-term storage

short-term memory is a PART of working memory - STM isn’t actively used, which is where working memory

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20
Q

storage system

visuo-spatial sketchpad

A

helps us with rotation

what allows you to navigate a physical space

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21
Q

storage system

phonological loop

A
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22
Q

integration system

episodic buffer

A

temporary store that allows integration of inforamation from LTM, viso-spatial sketchpad, and the phonological loop

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23
Q

management system

central executive

A
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24
Q

long-term memory

A

storage that holds information for **hours, days, weeks, and years **

there are 2 types

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25
Q

long-term memory type

explicit

A

occurs when consciously or intentially retrieve past experiences

2 types

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26
Q

long-term memory type

implicit

A

occurs when past experiences influence later behaior and performance, even without concsious effort or awareness

2 types

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27
Q

explicit memory type

semantic memory

A

a network of associated facts and concepts

facts and knowledge that you know

28
Q

explicit memory type

episodic (autobiographical)

A

the collection of past personal experiences and events

HSAM folks have these memories

29
Q

implicit memory type

procedural memory

A

the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice

shawn johsnon (olympian) example of not consicously remembering her routine, but then being able to perform it and win gold

30
Q

implicit memory type

priming effects

A

enhanced ability to think of a stimulus as a result of recent exposure

31
Q

retrieval

A

bringing to mind information that has been previously stored and encoded

it was improve, impair, and change subsequent memory (if you have two very similar memories, recall of one might diminish the recall of the other similar memory)

32
Q

retrieval cue

A

any stimuli that prompts retrieval of information in long-term storage, cues can** be internal and external **

33
Q

ways to retrieve something

recall

A

retreiving info that is not currently in conscious awareness but was learned at an earlier time

34
Q

ways to retrieve something

recognition

A

idenfitifying info that has been previously learned

i.e., multiple choice test

35
Q

ways to retrieve something

relearning

A

learning info that has been previously learned

36
Q

3 principles of retrieval

encoding specificity principle

A

a cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps recreate the way information was initially encoding

if you create a memory underwater, you’ll remember it underwater better. On land the same

37
Q

3 principles of retrieval

state-dependent retrieval

A

the process whereby information tends to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval

38
Q

3 principles of retrieval

transfer-appropriate processing

A

memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when encoding and retreival contexts of the situaitons match

rhyming example

39
Q

massed practice (cramming)

A

a person learns a large amount of information in a short period of time without rest

40
Q

distributed practice

A

having breaks/rest periods between study sessions

41
Q

practice testing

A

actively testing oneself on the studied material

42
Q

mnemonic

A

any device to assist in recalling something

43
Q

emotional memory

A

amygdala regulates emotions (both positive and negative)

releases stress hormones
emotional arousal

44
Q

biological component of memory

hippocampus

A

recognition memory
spatial memory

high stress levels might shut down the hippocampus

45
Q

memory consolidation

A

the process by which memories become stable in the brain (moving from STM to LTM)

illustrated by patient HM (had seizures)

46
Q

amnesia

A

temporary loss of long-term knowledge

47
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

the inability to transfer new information from the STM to the LTM

48
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

inability to recall information on or before a particular date

49
Q

encoding faulure - absentmindedness

A

memory fails due to lapses in attention

forgetting where you put your phone or keys

50
Q

storage failure - transcience

A

memory fails with passage of time

forgetting something that happened 15 years ago

51
Q

retrieval failure - blocking

A

access to information is temporarily blocked

information on the tip of your tongue

52
Q

benefits of forgetting

guardian

A
  • serentiy
  • stability
53
Q

benefits of forgetting

librarian

A

helps us maintain:
* clarity
* revision
* abstraction

54
Q

benefits of forgetting

inventor

A

helps with:
* inspiration
* rediscovery

55
Q

interference

A

when something interfers with your ability to encode, store, or retrieve information

2 types

56
Q

type of interference

retroactive interference

A

previously learned information interferes with the acquisition of new information

57
Q

type of interference

proactive interference

A

newly learned information distrupts recall of **previously learned information **

learns friends email address at point A

failiar old address interefers with the recall of this email

58
Q

source memory

A

involves knowing:
* when
* where
* how

information was initially acquired

59
Q

memory misattribution

A

assigning recollection of information to the wrong source

plays a big role in eye-witness testimony

60
Q

suggestibility

A

tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections

61
Q

post-event misattribution effect

A

information learned after an events interferes with one’s *original memory of the event *

62
Q

false memories

A

fabricated or distorted recollections of evenets

Idana Halbrooks and Holly Ramona - FALSELY recalling sexual abuse by her father.

63
Q

bias

A

distorting influences of present knowedge, beleifs, and feelings on recollections of past experiences

distorts memory

64
Q

types of bias

A
  1. hindsight
  2. stereotypical
  3. change
65
Q

persistence

A

intrusive recllection of events that we wish we could forget

Radford University - Psych 121 (6 decks)

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