Chapter 6 Flashcards
memory
ability to store and retrive information
set of prececesses used to encode
HSAM
highly superior autobiogrpahical memory
describe HSAM
- obsessive compulsive tendencies
- cognitive exhaustion due to constant stimulation by retreival cues
- doesn’t help with retrival of information that is not related to timelines/personally-experienced events
encoding
process of transofrming what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory
committing something to memory
there are 3 total types of encoding
what is vital for encoding to happen?
focus/attention
whateveer we attend to is what has the chance to become a long-term memory
type of encoding
semantic encoding
process os relating new information ina meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in memory
type of encoding
visual imagery encoding
process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures
type of encoding
oganizational encoding
process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items
listing condiments, baked goods, household items (like items) together makes recall easier
example: making a grocery list
memory
storage
process of maintaining information in memory over time
creation of a “permanent record” of information
types of memory stores
- sensory
- short-term
- long-term
types of stores
Sensory memory
type of memory
holds sensory informatoin for a few seconds or less
types of sensory memory storage
- haptic
- echoic
- iconinc
types of sensory memory
haptic
fast-decaying store of tactile information
types of sensory memory
echoic
fast-decaying store of auditory informaiton
types of sensory memory
iconic
short term memory
there are techiniques to enhance this
holds non-sensory information for more than a few seconds, but less than a minute
longest storage is 15-18 seconds
capacity is 7 plus or minus 2 units of information
are numbers typically recalled better than letters?
yes
strategies for solidifying short-term memory
- reherasl - mental repetition of information
- chunking - grouping letters or numbers into small groups for easier memory
working memory
active maintenance and manipulation/integratiointo short-term storage
short-term memory is a PART of working memory - STM isn’t actively used, which is where working memory
storage system
visuo-spatial sketchpad
helps us with rotation
what allows you to navigate a physical space
storage system
phonological loop
integration system
episodic buffer
temporary store that allows integration of inforamation from LTM, viso-spatial sketchpad, and the phonological loop
management system
central executive
long-term memory
storage that holds information for **hours, days, weeks, and years **
there are 2 types
long-term memory type
explicit
occurs when consciously or intentially retrieve past experiences
2 types
long-term memory type
implicit
occurs when past experiences influence later behaior and performance, even without concsious effort or awareness
2 types
explicit memory type
semantic memory
a network of associated facts and concepts
facts and knowledge that you know
explicit memory type
episodic (autobiographical)
the collection of past personal experiences and events
HSAM folks have these memories
implicit memory type
procedural memory
the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice
shawn johsnon (olympian) example of not consicously remembering her routine, but then being able to perform it and win gold
implicit memory type
priming effects
enhanced ability to think of a stimulus as a result of recent exposure
retrieval
bringing to mind information that has been previously stored and encoded
it was improve, impair, and change subsequent memory (if you have two very similar memories, recall of one might diminish the recall of the other similar memory)
retrieval cue
any stimuli that prompts retrieval of information in long-term storage, cues can** be internal and external **
ways to retrieve something
recall
retreiving info that is not currently in conscious awareness but was learned at an earlier time
ways to retrieve something
recognition
idenfitifying info that has been previously learned
i.e., multiple choice test
ways to retrieve something
relearning
learning info that has been previously learned
3 principles of retrieval
encoding specificity principle
a cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps recreate the way information was initially encoding
if you create a memory underwater, you’ll remember it underwater better. On land the same
3 principles of retrieval
state-dependent retrieval
the process whereby information tends to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval
3 principles of retrieval
transfer-appropriate processing
memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when encoding and retreival contexts of the situaitons match
rhyming example
massed practice (cramming)
a person learns a large amount of information in a short period of time without rest
distributed practice
having breaks/rest periods between study sessions
practice testing
actively testing oneself on the studied material
mnemonic
any device to assist in recalling something
emotional memory
amygdala regulates emotions (both positive and negative)
releases stress hormones
emotional arousal
biological component of memory
hippocampus
recognition memory
spatial memory
high stress levels might shut down the hippocampus
memory consolidation
the process by which memories become stable in the brain (moving from STM to LTM)
illustrated by patient HM (had seizures)
amnesia
temporary loss of long-term knowledge
anterograde amnesia
the inability to transfer new information from the STM to the LTM
retrograde amnesia
inability to recall information on or before a particular date
encoding faulure - absentmindedness
memory fails due to lapses in attention
forgetting where you put your phone or keys
storage failure - transcience
memory fails with passage of time
forgetting something that happened 15 years ago
retrieval failure - blocking
access to information is temporarily blocked
information on the tip of your tongue
benefits of forgetting
guardian
- serentiy
- stability
benefits of forgetting
librarian
helps us maintain:
* clarity
* revision
* abstraction
benefits of forgetting
inventor
helps with:
* inspiration
* rediscovery
interference
when something interfers with your ability to encode, store, or retrieve information
2 types
type of interference
retroactive interference
previously learned information interferes with the acquisition of new information
type of interference
proactive interference
newly learned information distrupts recall of **previously learned information **
learns friends email address at point A
failiar old address interefers with the recall of this email
source memory
involves knowing:
* when
* where
* how
information was initially acquired
memory misattribution
assigning recollection of information to the wrong source
plays a big role in eye-witness testimony
suggestibility
tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections
post-event misattribution effect
information learned after an events interferes with one’s *original memory of the event *
false memories
fabricated or distorted recollections of evenets
Idana Halbrooks and Holly Ramona - FALSELY recalling sexual abuse by her father.
bias
distorting influences of present knowedge, beleifs, and feelings on recollections of past experiences
distorts memory
types of bias
- hindsight
- stereotypical
- change
persistence
intrusive recllection of events that we wish we could forget
