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Radford University - Psych 121 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

memory

A

ability to store and retrive information

set of prececesses used to encode

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2
Q

HSAM

A

highly superior autobiogrpahical memory

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3
Q

describe HSAM

A
  • obsessive compulsive tendencies
  • cognitive exhaustion due to constant stimulation by retreival cues
  • doesn’t help with retrival of information that is not related to timelines/personally-experienced events
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4
Q

encoding

A

process of transofrming what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory

committing something to memory

there are 3 total types of encoding

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5
Q

what is vital for encoding to happen?

A

focus/attention

whateveer we attend to is what has the chance to become a long-term memory

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6
Q

type of encoding

semantic encoding

A

process os relating new information ina meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in memory

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7
Q

type of encoding

visual imagery encoding

A

process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures

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8
Q

type of encoding

oganizational encoding

A

process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items

listing condiments, baked goods, household items (like items) together makes recall easier

example: making a grocery list

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9
Q

memory

storage

A

process of maintaining information in memory over time

creation of a “permanent record” of information

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10
Q

types of memory stores

A
  1. sensory
  2. short-term
  3. long-term
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11
Q

types of stores

Sensory memory

A

type of memory

holds sensory informatoin for a few seconds or less

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12
Q

types of sensory memory storage

A
  1. haptic
  2. echoic
  3. iconinc
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13
Q

types of sensory memory

haptic

A

fast-decaying store of tactile information

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14
Q

types of sensory memory

echoic

A

fast-decaying store of auditory informaiton

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15
Q

types of sensory memory

iconic

A
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16
Q

short term memory

there are techiniques to enhance this

A

holds non-sensory information for more than a few seconds, but less than a minute

longest storage is 15-18 seconds

capacity is 7 plus or minus 2 units of information

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17
Q

are numbers typically recalled better than letters?

A

yes

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18
Q

strategies for solidifying short-term memory

A
  1. reherasl - mental repetition of information
  2. chunking - grouping letters or numbers into small groups for easier memory
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19
Q

working memory

A

active maintenance and manipulation/integratiointo short-term storage

short-term memory is a PART of working memory - STM isn’t actively used, which is where working memory

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20
Q

storage system

visuo-spatial sketchpad

A

helps us with rotation

what allows you to navigate a physical space

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21
Q

storage system

phonological loop

A
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22
Q

integration system

episodic buffer

A

temporary store that allows integration of inforamation from LTM, viso-spatial sketchpad, and the phonological loop

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23
Q

management system

central executive

A
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24
Q

long-term memory

A

storage that holds information for **hours, days, weeks, and years **

there are 2 types

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25
# long-term memory type explicit
occurs when consciously or intentially retrieve past experiences ## Footnote 2 types
26
# long-term memory type implicit
occurs when past experiences influence later behaior and performance, even without concsious effort or awareness ## Footnote 2 types
27
# explicit memory type semantic memory
a network of associated facts and concepts facts and knowledge that you know
28
# explicit memory type episodic (autobiographical)
the collection of past **personal experiences** and events ## Footnote HSAM folks have these memories
29
# implicit memory type procedural memory
the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice ## Footnote shawn johsnon (olympian) example of not consicously remembering her routine, but then being able to perform it and win gold
30
# implicit memory type priming effects
enhanced ability to think of a stimulus as a result of recent exposure
31
retrieval
bringing to mind information that has been previously stored and encoded ## Footnote it was improve, impair, and change subsequent memory (if you have two very similar memories, recall of one might diminish the recall of the other similar memory)
32
retrieval cue
any stimuli that prompts retrieval of information in long-term storage, cues can** be internal and external **
33
# ways to retrieve something recall
retreiving info that is not currently in conscious awareness but was learned at an earlier time
34
# ways to retrieve something recognition
idenfitifying info that has been previously learned ## Footnote i.e., multiple choice test
35
# ways to retrieve something relearning
learning info that has been previously learned
36
# 3 principles of retrieval encoding specificity principle
a cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps recreate the way information was initially encoding ## Footnote if you create a memory underwater, you'll remember it underwater better. On land the same
37
# 3 principles of retrieval state-dependent retrieval
the process whereby information tends to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval
38
# 3 principles of retrieval transfer-appropriate processing
memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when encoding and retreival contexts of the situaitons match ## Footnote rhyming example
39
massed practice (cramming)
a person learns a large amount of information in a short period of time without rest
40
distributed practice
having breaks/rest periods between study sessions
41
practice testing
actively testing oneself on the studied material
42
mnemonic
any device to assist in recalling something
43
emotional memory
amygdala regulates emotions (both positive and negative) ## Footnote releases stress hormones emotional arousal
44
# biological component of memory hippocampus
recognition memory spatial memory high stress levels might shut down the hippocampus
45
memory consolidation
the process by which memories become stable in the brain (moving from STM to LTM) ## Footnote illustrated by patient HM (had seizures)
46
amnesia
temporary loss of long-term knowledge
47
anterograde amnesia
the inability to transfer new information from the STM to the LTM
48
retrograde amnesia
inability to recall information on or before a particular **date**
49
encoding faulure - absentmindedness
memory fails due to lapses in attention forgetting where you put your phone or keys
50
storage failure - transcience
memory fails with passage of time forgetting something that happened 15 years ago
51
retrieval failure - blocking
access to information is **temporarily blocked** information on the *tip of your tongue*
52
# benefits of forgetting guardian
* serentiy * stability
53
# benefits of forgetting librarian
helps us maintain: * clarity * revision * abstraction
54
# benefits of forgetting inventor
helps with: * inspiration * rediscovery
55
interference
when something interfers with your ability to encode, store, or retrieve information ## Footnote 2 types
56
# type of interference retroactive interference
previously learned information interferes with the **acquisition of new information**
57
# type of interference proactive interference
newly learned information **distrupts recall** of **previously learned information ** ## Footnote learns friends email address at point A failiar old address interefers with the recall of this email
58
source memory
involves knowing: * **when * where * how** information was initially acquired
59
memory misattribution
assigning recollection of information **to the wrong source** ## Footnote plays a big role in eye-witness testimony
60
suggestibility
tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections
61
post-event misattribution effect
**information learned after** an events interferes with one's *original memory of the event *
62
false memories
fabricated or distorted recollections of evenets ## Footnote Idana Halbrooks and Holly Ramona - FALSELY recalling sexual abuse by her father.
63
bias
distorting influences of present knowedge, beleifs, and feelings on recollections of past experiences ## Footnote distorts memory
64
types of bias
1. hindsight 2. stereotypical 3. change
65
persistence
*intrusive recllection* of events that we wish we could forget

Radford University - Psych 121 (7 decks)

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