Chapter 15

Question 1

original treating mental illness

trepanation

Answer 1

drilling a hole into one’s skull to release demons thought to be causing illness

Question 2

original treating mental illness

prefrontal labotomy

Answer 2

used to treat severe cases of psychosis

Question 3

biological treatment

Answer 3

treating the brain directly

psychopharmacology and psychactive substances

Question 4

typical antipsychotics

Answer 4

medications used to treat psychotic disorders

typical antipsychotics focused on blocking dopamine receptors

good for reducing only positive symptoms

prolonged use of antipsychotics reduces the amount of brain as a whole. when you stay on these medications, other side effects may appear and need treatment with other drugs

Question 5

a-typical antipsychotics

Answer 5

block dopamine AND serotonin receptors

these are better at reducing both positive and negative symptoms

Question 6

antianxiety medications

Answer 6

drugs that help reduce a person’s experience with **fear and anxiety **

benzodiazepines and GABA system

Question 7

benzodiazepines

Answer 7

bind to GABA receptors and act as GABA (inhibitory)

Valium, atvian, and Xanax

Question 8

antidepressants

Answer 8

class of drugs that help lift people’s moods

many antidepressant medications are barely more effective than placebos

Question 9

SSRIs

Answer 9

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

block the reuptake of serotonin, making serotonin available in synapse longer, which means that serotonin can continuously bind to the post-synaptic cell

prozac, zoloft, celexa, and paxil

Question 10

mood stabilizers

Answer 10

attempt to stabilize mood, almost only prescribed for bipolar disorders

Question 11

psychosurgery

Answer 11

the surgical destruction of specific brain areas

Question 12

deep brain stimulation

Answer 12

used to induce electrical stimulation in the brain to help correct neurological deficiencies

used to treat parkinsons and severe depression

Question 13

psychotherapy

Answer 13

an interaction between a sociall sanctioned clinician and someone suffering from a psychological problem, with the goal of providing supoort or relief from the problem

estimated to be over 500 total methods of psychotherapy, but around 20 methods are mostly used

Question 14

types of psychotherapy

eclectic psychotherapy

Answer 14

involves drawing on techniques from different forms of therapy, depending on the client and the problem

Question 15

types of psychotherapy

psychodynamic therapy

Answer 15

exploring childhood events and encourage individuals to use the understanding gained from the exploration to develop insight into their psychological problems

Question 16

types of psychotherapy

interpersonal psychotherapy

Answer 16

a form of psychotherapy that focuses on helping clients improve **current relationships **

Question 17

types of psychotherapy

humanistic therapy

Answer 17

goal is to reach one’s full potential

Question 18

types of psychotherapy

client-centered approach

Answer 18

assumes that all individuals have a **tendency toward growth **and that this growth can be facilitated by acceptance by and genuine reactions from the therapist

involves qualities of congruence, emapthy, and unconditional positive regard

involves nondirective leements and repetition

Question 19

behavior therapy

Answer 19

disordered behavior is learned and that symptom relief is achieved through changing overt, maladaptive behaviors into more constructive behaviors

Question 20

eliminating unwanted behaviors in behavior therapy

Answer 20

1. using operant conditioning principles to **eliminate unwanted behaviors **
2. promote desired behaviors - token economy involves giving clients “tokens” for desired behaviors that they can later trade for rewards
3. reduce unwanted emotional responses - exposure therapy is an approach that involves confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, leading to a decrease in the emotional response

Question 21

cognitive therapy

Answer 21

focuses on helping a client identify and **correct any distorted thinking about self, others, or the world **

use cognitive restructuring and reframing

goal is to change your cognitions/thoughts

Question 22

cognitive reframing

Answer 22

teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic positive beliefs

Question 23

couples therapy

Answer 23

both members of a couple attend couples therapy

Question 24

family therapy

Answer 24

used frequently with children

Question 25

group therapy

Answer 25

uniting multiple participants with a similar problem to work on individual problems in a group atmosphere

the overlap in problems that participants face is why this form of therapy can be effective