Chapter 14 Flashcards
psychopathology
mental disorder
persistent disturbance or dysfunction in
* behavior
* thoughts
* emotions
that causes significant distress or impairment
1 of 4 Ds
deviance
different, extreme, or unusual
deviation from what is considered “normal”
1 of 4 Ds
distress
unpleasant and upsetting
distress and dysfunction go hand in hand
1 of 4 Ds
dysfunction
interferes with daily life
distress and dysfunction go hand in hand
1 of 4 Ds
danger
risk of harm
psychotic breaks can be dangerous
medical model to psychopathology
approach that conceptualizes abnormal psychological experiences as illnesses that have biological and environmental causes, defined symptoms, and possible cures
diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)
classification system that describes the symptoms used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder
indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other similar problems
criticism of the DSM is that it produces diagnoses very easily. Also, almost 80% of people diagnosed with 1 disorder are then diagnosed with another one
comorbidity
the* co-occurence* of two or more disorders in a single individual
causation of disorders
biopsychosocial perspective
explain mental disorders as the result of interactions among:
* biological
* social
* psychological
factors
biological factors
genetics, biochemical, imbalances, and brain structures abnormalities
psychological factors
maladpative coping, cognitive biases
social factors
stressful life experiences, sociocultural inequalities, poor socialization
models of mental illness
diathesis stress model
a person may be predisposed to a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress
diathesis: internal predisposition
stress: trigger
autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
a condition beginning in early childhood in which a person shows:
- persistent communication deficits
- interaction deficits
- resitricted /repetitive patterns of behaviors interests, or activities
no evidence this results from vaccinations
impaired capacity for empathizing and superior ability for systematizing
savant syndrome
a condition in which an individual displays exceptional abilities in one or more areas that are inconsistent with their overall level of functioning
can be acquired after some brain surgeries
conduct disorder
a condition in which an adolescent or child engages in a persistent pattern of deviant behavior involving
* aggression to people or animals
* destruction of property
* deceitfulness or theft
* serious rule violations
have to meet three of the total criteria to be diagnosted
often transitions into antisocial personality disorder
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
a persistent pattern of severe problems with inattention and/or hyperactivity or impulsiveness that cause a significant impairments in functioning
affects mostly children, but also 4% of adults
have to have multiple symptoms for at least 6 months to get a diagnosis
inattention
persistent issues with sustained attention or organization
hyperactivity-impulsiveness
persistent difficulties with remaining still or interrupting others, etc.
anxiety disorders
the class of mental disorders in which anxiety is the predominant feature
phobic disorders
characterized by a marked persistent and excessive fear/avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations
specific phobia
an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual’s ability to function
social phobia
socially anxious to the point where you avoid people
agoraphobia
scared of open spaces
anxiety disorder
panic disorder
the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror
requires recurrent unexpected panic attacks and significant anxiety about future attcks
generalized anxiety disorder
chronic and excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms
restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbances
obsessive compulsive disorder
repetitive intrusive thoughts and ritualistic behaviors designed to fend off those thoughts interfere signficiantly with an individual’s functioning
compulsions
the repetitive ritualistic acts that are typically carried out primarily as a means to minimize the distress that obsessions trigger or to reduce the likelihood of the feared event
body dysmorphia
disorder - distressing/impairing preoccupation with imagined or slight deffects in appearance
how you look objectively varies to how you look subjectively
hoarding disorder
persistent difficulty in parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value or usefulness
develop sentimental attachments to pretty much anything
mood disorders
mental disorders that have mood disturbances as their predominant feature
persistent abnormality in regulating moods
mood disorders
major depressive disorder
inability to experience pleasure that lasts* 2 or more weeks* and is accompanied by feelings or **worthlessness, lethargy, disturbance, and appetite disturbance **
biological explanation for depression are chemical and neurotransmitter dysfunction
helplessness theory
make internal, stable, and global attributions of their problems
You get a bad grade on your math quiz and say: **“I am trash at math, I will always be trash at math.” **
postpartum depression
depression following child birth, likely due to hormone changes from delivery
can effect how you want to bond and form a relationship with your child
mood disorder
seasonal affective disorder
occurs during the winter, people feeling more depressed because of scarcity of light
mood disorder
bipolar disorder
a condition characterized by cycles of abnormal persistent high mood and low mood
2 types of bipolar
bipolar 1: full-blown manic episode
bipolar 2: hypomania (lower level of a manic episode) with longer-lasting depressive states
manic episode
distinct period of abnormally persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy lasting at least one week
psychotic disorders
involve psychosis
refers to a collection of sumptoms that affect the mind, where there has been some loss of contact with reality
psychotic disorders
schizophrenia
a psychotic disorder characterized by
* profound disruption of basic psychological processes
* disturbances in thought, motivation, and behavior
* a distorted perception of reality
* atered or blunted emotion
has a strong biological heritability
often attributed to excess dopamine in the brain
types of symptoms in schizophrenia
positive symptoms
thoughts and behaviors not seen in those without the disorder
hallucinations
false perceptual experiences that have a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external simulation
auditory or command hallucinations
delusions
false beliefs, often bizzare and gradiose, that are marinated in spite of their irrationality
types of symptoms in schizophrenia
negative symptoms
deficits in or disruption of emotions and behaviors
emotional and social withdrawal
apathy
pverty of speech
types of symptoms in schizophrenia
cognitive symptoms
deficits in cognitive abilities present in those with schizophrenia
executive functioning
attention
working memory
types of symptoms in schizophrenia
disorganized symptoms
disruptions or deficits in abilities of
* speech
* movement
* cognition
disorganized speech
severe disruption of verbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently among unrelated topics
grossly disorganized behavior
behavior that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals
catatonic behavior
marked decrease in all movement or an increase in musuclar rigidity and overactivity
standing still and not moving
post traumatic stress disorder
results from exposure to traumatic experiences
characterized by:
* chronic physiological arousal
* recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma
* avoidance of trauma-related stimuli
dissociative disorders
characterized by a disruption in memory, identity, emotion, perception, and behavior
there are many different dissociative disorders, but they overlap quite a bit
depersonalization
feeling a disconnect between your physical and mental experience
“zoning out”
derealization
you don’t feel that your surroundings are real
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
a person exhibits two or more distinct, well-defined personalities or identities and experiences memeory gaps for the time during which another identity emerged
caused by trauma. there isn’t much research on this disorder, so a lot of what we know is based on anecdotal evidence
personality disorders
enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that deviate from cultural expectations and cause distress or impaired functioning
cluster A: odd/eccentric
cluster B: dramatic, erratic
cluster C: anxious, inhibited
personality disorder - cluster A
paranoid
distrust in othres, prone to anger and aggressive outburts, often jealous, guarded and secretive
personality disorder - cluster A
schizoid
extreme introversion and withdrawal from relationship, prefers to be alone, often daydream
personality disorder - cluster A
schizotypal
peculiar manners of speaking, “magical thinking” and strange beleifs, may react oddly in conversation
personality disorder - cluster B
antisocial
impoverished and moral conscience, history of deception and crime, little empathy and remorse
personality disorder - cluster B
borderline
unstable moods and stormy relationships. Self-harm threats with intent to manipulate others
instability
personality disorder - cluster B
histrionic
contrast attention-seeking, grandiose language and exaggerated illnesses, believe everyone loves them
personality disorder - cluster B
narcissistic
inflated sense of self-importance, exaggerates personal achievements, exploitative of others
personality disorder - cluster C
avoidant
socially anxious, desires social contact but avoids social situations due to fear of rejection and criticism
personality disorder - cluster C
dependent
requires approval and reassurance, clings to people and may be devastated by ending of relationships
personality disorder - cluster C
obsessive-compulsive
fear of errors can make them strict and controlling perfectionists with inflexibly high standards
