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Radford University - Psych 121 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

psychopathology

A

mental disorder

persistent disturbance or dysfunction in
* behavior
* thoughts
* emotions

that causes significant distress or impairment

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2
Q

1 of 4 Ds

deviance

A

different, extreme, or unusual

deviation from what is considered “normal”

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3
Q

1 of 4 Ds

distress

A

unpleasant and upsetting

distress and dysfunction go hand in hand

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4
Q

1 of 4 Ds

dysfunction

A

interferes with daily life

distress and dysfunction go hand in hand

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5
Q

1 of 4 Ds

danger

A

risk of harm

psychotic breaks can be dangerous

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6
Q

medical model to psychopathology

A

approach that conceptualizes abnormal psychological experiences as illnesses that have biological and environmental causes, defined symptoms, and possible cures

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7
Q

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)

A

classification system that describes the symptoms used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder

indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other similar problems

criticism of the DSM is that it produces diagnoses very easily. Also, almost 80% of people diagnosed with 1 disorder are then diagnosed with another one

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8
Q

comorbidity

A

the* co-occurence* of two or more disorders in a single individual

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9
Q

causation of disorders

biopsychosocial perspective

A

explain mental disorders as the result of interactions among:
* biological
* social
* psychological

factors

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10
Q

biological factors

A

genetics, biochemical, imbalances, and brain structures abnormalities

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11
Q

psychological factors

A

maladpative coping, cognitive biases

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12
Q

social factors

A

stressful life experiences, sociocultural inequalities, poor socialization

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13
Q

models of mental illness

diathesis stress model

A

a person may be predisposed to a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress

diathesis: internal predisposition
stress: trigger

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14
Q
A
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14
Q

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

A

a condition beginning in early childhood in which a person shows:

  • persistent communication deficits
  • interaction deficits
  • resitricted /repetitive patterns of behaviors interests, or activities

no evidence this results from vaccinations

impaired capacity for empathizing and superior ability for systematizing

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15
Q

savant syndrome

A

a condition in which an individual displays exceptional abilities in one or more areas that are inconsistent with their overall level of functioning

can be acquired after some brain surgeries

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16
Q

conduct disorder

A

a condition in which an adolescent or child engages in a persistent pattern of deviant behavior involving
* aggression to people or animals
* destruction of property
* deceitfulness or theft
* serious rule violations

have to meet three of the total criteria to be diagnosted

often transitions into antisocial personality disorder

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17
Q

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

A

a persistent pattern of severe problems with inattention and/or hyperactivity or impulsiveness that cause a significant impairments in functioning

affects mostly children, but also 4% of adults

have to have multiple symptoms for at least 6 months to get a diagnosis

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17
Q

inattention

A

persistent issues with sustained attention or organization

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18
Q

hyperactivity-impulsiveness

A

persistent difficulties with remaining still or interrupting others, etc.

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19
Q

anxiety disorders

A

the class of mental disorders in which anxiety is the predominant feature

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20
Q

phobic disorders

A

characterized by a marked persistent and excessive fear/avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations

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21
Q

specific phobia

A

an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual’s ability to function

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22
Q

social phobia

A

socially anxious to the point where you avoid people

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23
Q

agoraphobia

A

scared of open spaces

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24
Q

anxiety disorder

panic disorder

A

the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror

requires recurrent unexpected panic attacks and significant anxiety about future attcks

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25
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

chronic and excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms

restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbances

26
Q

obsessive compulsive disorder

A

repetitive intrusive thoughts and ritualistic behaviors designed to fend off those thoughts interfere signficiantly with an individual’s functioning

27
Q

compulsions

A

the repetitive ritualistic acts that are typically carried out primarily as a means to minimize the distress that obsessions trigger or to reduce the likelihood of the feared event

28
Q

body dysmorphia

A

disorder - distressing/impairing preoccupation with imagined or slight deffects in appearance

how you look objectively varies to how you look subjectively

29
Q

hoarding disorder

A

persistent difficulty in parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value or usefulness

develop sentimental attachments to pretty much anything

30
Q

mood disorders

A

mental disorders that have mood disturbances as their predominant feature

persistent abnormality in regulating moods

31
Q

mood disorders

major depressive disorder

A

inability to experience pleasure that lasts* 2 or more weeks* and is accompanied by feelings or **worthlessness, lethargy, disturbance, and appetite disturbance **

biological explanation for depression are chemical and neurotransmitter dysfunction

32
Q

helplessness theory

A

make internal, stable, and global attributions of their problems

You get a bad grade on your math quiz and say: **“I am trash at math, I will always be trash at math.” **

33
Q

postpartum depression

A

depression following child birth, likely due to hormone changes from delivery

can effect how you want to bond and form a relationship with your child

34
Q

mood disorder

seasonal affective disorder

A

occurs during the winter, people feeling more depressed because of scarcity of light

35
Q

mood disorder

bipolar disorder

A

a condition characterized by cycles of abnormal persistent high mood and low mood

2 types of bipolar

bipolar 1: full-blown manic episode
bipolar 2: hypomania (lower level of a manic episode) with longer-lasting depressive states

36
Q

manic episode

A

distinct period of abnormally persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy lasting at least one week

37
Q

psychotic disorders

A

involve psychosis

refers to a collection of sumptoms that affect the mind, where there has been some loss of contact with reality

38
Q

psychotic disorders

schizophrenia

A

a psychotic disorder characterized by
* profound disruption of basic psychological processes
* disturbances in thought, motivation, and behavior
* a distorted perception of reality
* atered or blunted emotion

has a strong biological heritability

often attributed to excess dopamine in the brain

39
Q

types of symptoms in schizophrenia

positive symptoms

A

thoughts and behaviors not seen in those without the disorder

40
Q

hallucinations

A

false perceptual experiences that have a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external simulation

auditory or command hallucinations

41
Q

delusions

A

false beliefs, often bizzare and gradiose, that are marinated in spite of their irrationality

42
Q

types of symptoms in schizophrenia

negative symptoms

A

deficits in or disruption of emotions and behaviors

emotional and social withdrawal
apathy
pverty of speech

43
Q

types of symptoms in schizophrenia

cognitive symptoms

A

deficits in cognitive abilities present in those with schizophrenia

executive functioning
attention
working memory

44
Q

types of symptoms in schizophrenia

disorganized symptoms

A

disruptions or deficits in abilities of
* speech
* movement
* cognition

45
Q

disorganized speech

A

severe disruption of verbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently among unrelated topics

46
Q

grossly disorganized behavior

A

behavior that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals

47
Q

catatonic behavior

A

marked decrease in all movement or an increase in musuclar rigidity and overactivity

standing still and not moving

48
Q

post traumatic stress disorder

A

results from exposure to traumatic experiences

characterized by:
* chronic physiological arousal
* recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma
* avoidance of trauma-related stimuli

49
Q

dissociative disorders

A

characterized by a disruption in memory, identity, emotion, perception, and behavior

there are many different dissociative disorders, but they overlap quite a bit

50
Q

depersonalization

A

feeling a disconnect between your physical and mental experience

“zoning out”

51
Q

derealization

A

you don’t feel that your surroundings are real

52
Q

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

A

a person exhibits two or more distinct, well-defined personalities or identities and experiences memeory gaps for the time during which another identity emerged

caused by trauma. there isn’t much research on this disorder, so a lot of what we know is based on anecdotal evidence

53
Q

personality disorders

A

enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that deviate from cultural expectations and cause distress or impaired functioning

cluster A: odd/eccentric
cluster B: dramatic, erratic
cluster C: anxious, inhibited

54
Q

personality disorder - cluster A

paranoid

A

distrust in othres, prone to anger and aggressive outburts, often jealous, guarded and secretive

55
Q

personality disorder - cluster A

schizoid

A

extreme introversion and withdrawal from relationship, prefers to be alone, often daydream

56
Q

personality disorder - cluster A

schizotypal

A

peculiar manners of speaking, “magical thinking” and strange beleifs, may react oddly in conversation

57
Q

personality disorder - cluster B

antisocial

A

impoverished and moral conscience, history of deception and crime, little empathy and remorse

58
Q

personality disorder - cluster B

borderline

A

unstable moods and stormy relationships. Self-harm threats with intent to manipulate others

instability

59
Q

personality disorder - cluster B

histrionic

A

contrast attention-seeking, grandiose language and exaggerated illnesses, believe everyone loves them

60
Q

personality disorder - cluster B

narcissistic

A

inflated sense of self-importance, exaggerates personal achievements, exploitative of others

61
Q

personality disorder - cluster C

avoidant

A

socially anxious, desires social contact but avoids social situations due to fear of rejection and criticism

62
Q

personality disorder - cluster C

dependent

A

requires approval and reassurance, clings to people and may be devastated by ending of relationships

63
Q

personality disorder - cluster C

obsessive-compulsive

A

fear of errors can make them strict and controlling perfectionists with inflexibly high standards

64
Q
A

Radford University - Psych 121 (6 decks)

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