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Radford University - Psych 121 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

psychopathology

A

mental disorder

persistent disturbance or dysfunction in
* behavior
* thoughts
* emotions

that causes significant distress or impairment

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2
Q

1 of 4 Ds

deviance

A

different, extreme, or unusual

deviation from what is considered “normal”

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3
Q

1 of 4 Ds

distress

A

unpleasant and upsetting

distress and dysfunction go hand in hand

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4
Q

1 of 4 Ds

dysfunction

A

interferes with daily life

distress and dysfunction go hand in hand

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5
Q

1 of 4 Ds

danger

A

risk of harm

psychotic breaks can be dangerous

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6
Q

medical model to psychopathology

A

approach that conceptualizes abnormal psychological experiences as illnesses that have biological and environmental causes, defined symptoms, and possible cures

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7
Q

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)

A

classification system that describes the symptoms used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder

indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other similar problems

criticism of the DSM is that it produces diagnoses very easily. Also, almost 80% of people diagnosed with 1 disorder are then diagnosed with another one

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8
Q

comorbidity

A

the* co-occurence* of two or more disorders in a single individual

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9
Q

causation of disorders

biopsychosocial perspective

A

explain mental disorders as the result of interactions among:
* biological
* social
* psychological

factors

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10
Q

biological factors

A

genetics, biochemical, imbalances, and brain structures abnormalities

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11
Q

psychological factors

A

maladpative coping, cognitive biases

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12
Q

social factors

A

stressful life experiences, sociocultural inequalities, poor socialization

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13
Q

models of mental illness

diathesis stress model

A

a person may be predisposed to a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress

diathesis: internal predisposition
stress: trigger

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14
Q
A
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14
Q

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

A

a condition beginning in early childhood in which a person shows:

  • persistent communication deficits
  • interaction deficits
  • resitricted /repetitive patterns of behaviors interests, or activities

no evidence this results from vaccinations

impaired capacity for empathizing and superior ability for systematizing

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15
Q

savant syndrome

A

a condition in which an individual displays exceptional abilities in one or more areas that are inconsistent with their overall level of functioning

can be acquired after some brain surgeries

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16
Q

conduct disorder

A

a condition in which an adolescent or child engages in a persistent pattern of deviant behavior involving
* aggression to people or animals
* destruction of property
* deceitfulness or theft
* serious rule violations

have to meet three of the total criteria to be diagnosted

often transitions into antisocial personality disorder

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17
Q

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

A

a persistent pattern of severe problems with inattention and/or hyperactivity or impulsiveness that cause a significant impairments in functioning

affects mostly children, but also 4% of adults

have to have multiple symptoms for at least 6 months to get a diagnosis

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17
Q

inattention

A

persistent issues with sustained attention or organization

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18
Q

hyperactivity-impulsiveness

A

persistent difficulties with remaining still or interrupting others, etc.

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19
Q

anxiety disorders

A

the class of mental disorders in which anxiety is the predominant feature

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20
Q

phobic disorders

A

characterized by a marked persistent and excessive fear/avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations

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21
Q

specific phobia

A

an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual’s ability to function

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22
Q

social phobia

A

socially anxious to the point where you avoid people

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23
agoraphobia
scared of open spaces
24
# anxiety disorder panic disorder
the sudden occurrence of multiple **psychological** and **physiological** symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror ## Footnote requires recurrent unexpected panic attacks and significant anxiety about future attcks
25
generalized anxiety disorder
chronic and excessive worry accompanied by **three or more** of the following symptoms ## Footnote restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbances
26
obsessive compulsive disorder
repetitive intrusive thoughts and ritualistic behaviors designed to fend off those thoughts interfere signficiantly with an individual's functioning
27
compulsions
the repetitive ritualistic acts that are typically carried out primarily as a means to minimize the distress that obsessions trigger or to reduce the likelihood of the feared event
28
body dysmorphia
disorder - distressing/impairing preoccupation with imagined or slight deffects in appearance ## Footnote how you look objectively varies to how you look subjectively
29
hoarding disorder
persistent difficulty in **parting** with **possessions**, regardless of their actual value or usefulness ## Footnote develop sentimental attachments to pretty much anything
30
mood disorders
mental disorders that have **mood** disturbances as their *predominant* feature ## Footnote persistent abnormality in regulating moods
31
# mood disorders major depressive disorder
inability to experience pleasure that lasts* 2 or more weeks* and is accompanied by feelings or **worthlessness, lethargy, disturbance, and appetite disturbance ** ## Footnote biological explanation for depression are chemical and neurotransmitter dysfunction
32
helplessness theory
make internal, stable, and global attributions of their problems You get a bad grade on your math quiz and say: **"I am trash at math, I will always be trash at math." **
33
postpartum depression
depression following child birth, likely due to hormone changes from delivery ## Footnote can effect how you want to bond and form a relationship with your child
34
# mood disorder seasonal affective disorder
occurs during the winter, people feeling more depressed because of scarcity of light
35
# mood disorder bipolar disorder
a condition characterized by cycles of abnormal persistent **high** mood and **low** mood | 2 types of bipolar ## Footnote bipolar 1: full-blown manic episode bipolar 2: hypomania (lower level of a manic episode) with longer-lasting depressive states
36
manic episode
distinct period of abnormally persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy lasting at least one week
37
psychotic disorders
involve psychosis refers to a collection of sumptoms that affect the mind, where there has been some loss of contact with reality
38
# psychotic disorders schizophrenia
a psychotic disorder characterized by * profound disruption of basic psychological processes * disturbances in thought, motivation, and behavior * a distorted perception of reality * atered or **blunted** emotion | has a strong biological heritability ## Footnote often attributed to excess dopamine in the brain
39
# types of symptoms in schizophrenia positive symptoms
thoughts and behaviors not seen in those without the disorder
40
hallucinations
false perceptual experiences that have a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external simulation ## Footnote auditory or command hallucinations
41
delusions
false beliefs, often bizzare and gradiose, that are marinated in spite of their irrationality
42
# types of symptoms in schizophrenia negative symptoms
deficits in or disruption of emotions and behaviors ## Footnote emotional and social withdrawal apathy pverty of speech
43
# types of symptoms in schizophrenia cognitive symptoms
deficits in cognitive abilities present in those with schizophrenia ## Footnote executive functioning attention working memory
44
# types of symptoms in schizophrenia disorganized symptoms
disruptions or deficits in abilities of * speech * movement * cognition
45
disorganized speech
severe disruption of verbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently among unrelated topics
46
grossly disorganized behavior
behavior that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals
47
catatonic behavior
marked decrease in all movement or an increase in musuclar rigidity and overactivity ## Footnote standing still and not moving
48
post traumatic stress disorder
results from exposure to traumatic experiences characterized by: * chronic physiological arousal * recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma * avoidance of trauma-related stimuli
49
dissociative disorders
characterized by a disruption in memory, identity, emotion, perception, and behavior ## Footnote there are many different dissociative disorders, but they overlap quite a bit
50
depersonalization
feeling a disconnect between your physical and mental experience "zoning out"
51
derealization
you don't feel that your surroundings are real
52
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
a person exhibits *two or more distinct, well-defined personalities* or identities and experiences memeory gaps for the time during which another identity emerged ## Footnote caused by trauma. there isn't much research on this disorder, so a lot of what we know is based on anecdotal evidence
53
personality disorders
enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that deviate from cultural expectations and cause distress or impaired functioning ## Footnote cluster A: odd/eccentric cluster B: dramatic, erratic cluster C: anxious, inhibited
54
# personality disorder - cluster A paranoid
distrust in othres, prone to anger and aggressive outburts, often jealous, guarded and secretive
55
# personality disorder - cluster A schizoid
extreme introversion and withdrawal from relationship, prefers to be alone, often daydream
56
# personality disorder - cluster A schizotypal
peculiar manners of speaking, "magical thinking" and strange beleifs, may react oddly in conversation
57
# personality disorder - cluster B antisocial
impoverished and moral conscience, history of deception and crime, little empathy and remorse
58
# personality disorder - cluster B borderline
unstable moods and stormy relationships. Self-harm threats with intent to manipulate others ## Footnote instability
59
# personality disorder - cluster B histrionic
contrast attention-seeking, grandiose language and exaggerated illnesses, believe everyone loves them
60
# personality disorder - cluster B narcissistic
inflated sense of self-importance, exaggerates personal achievements, exploitative of others
61
# personality disorder - cluster C avoidant
socially anxious, desires social contact but avoids social situations due to fear of rejection and criticism
62
# personality disorder - cluster C dependent
requires approval and reassurance, clings to people and may be devastated by ending of relationships
63
# personality disorder - cluster C obsessive-compulsive
fear of errors can make them strict and controlling perfectionists with inflexibly high standards
64

Radford University - Psych 121 (7 decks)

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