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Psych Test > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Study the way in which information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing. It is a broad field that includes:
-the study of consciousness
-memory, and
-cognitive neuroscience

A

Cognitive Psychologist

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2
Q

A label for approaches that sought to explain observable behavior by investigating mental processes and structures that cannot be observed directly.

A

Cognitive Psychology

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3
Q

3 basic processes that compare the computer to the human mind

A

Input, storage, and retrieval

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4
Q

Computers receive information that has already been ______ removing most ________.

A

Coded
Ambiguity

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5
Q

In humans, ambiguous information enters through

A

Sensory receptors

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6
Q

Computers can do some things better than ______. They can perform complex _________ ____________ much faster and more accurately.

A

Humans
Numerical Calculations

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7
Q

Computers are quite limited in their ability to

A

Learn, to change, and generalize.

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8
Q

Is the process of manipulating information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions, and reflecting in a critical or creative manner.

A

Thinking

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9
Q

What forms of thinking involves the manipulation of information that is inferred from our behavior?

A

Images and Concepts

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10
Q

A mental category that is used to group objects, events, and characteristics.

A

Concepts

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11
Q

Which classifications are used for a concept?

A

Objects, relations, events, abstractions, and qualities.

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12
Q

What are the 4 important reasons for Concepts?

A
  1. They allow us to generalize. Concepts allow us to navigate the world by generalizing our experiences across members of a category.
  2. They allow us to associate experiences and objects.
  3. They aid memory by making it more efficient so that we do not have to reinvent the wheel each time we come across a piece of information.
  4. They provide clues about how to react to a particular object or experience.
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13
Q

Is a model emphasizing that when people evaluate whether a given item reflects a certain concept, they compare the item with the most typical item(s) in that category and look for a “family resemblance” with that item’s properties.

A

Prototype model

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14
Q

What are the 4 steps in problem solving?

A
  1. Find and Frame Problems
  2. Develop Good Problem-Solving Strategies
  3. Evaluate Solutions
  4. Rethink and Redefine Problems and Solutions over Time
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15
Q

The first step in the process is to recognize that you have a problem.

A

Find and Frame Problems

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16
Q

Once you know what the problem and clearly define it we can develop strategies to solve it.

A

Develop Good Problem-Solving Strategies

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17
Q

Once we have solved a problem, an evaluation of how effective our solution is needed.

A

Evaluate Solutions

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18
Q

The final step in problem-solving is to rethink and redefine problems continually.

A

Rethink and Redefine Problems and Solutions over Time

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19
Q

Three effective strategies of developing good problem-solving strategies

A
  1. Sub-goals
  2. Algorithms
  3. Heuristics
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20
Q

Intermediate goals or intermediate problems that put us in a better position for reaching the final goal or solution.

A

Sub-goals

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21
Q

These are strategies that guarantee a solution to a problem. Can come as formulas, instructions, and the testing of all possible solutions.

A

Algorithms

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22
Q

These are shortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not guarantee a answer.

A

Heuristics

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23
Q

Are beliefs that interfere with objectivity.

A

Biases

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24
Q

Two types of biases

A
  1. Confirmation Bias
  2. Hindsight Bias
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25
Q

Is the tendency to search for an use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them. Our decisions can also become further biased because we tend to seek out and listen to people who views confirm our own while we avoid those dissenting views.

A

Confirmation Bias

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26
Q

Is our tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that we accurately predicted an outcome; sometimes referred to as “I knew it all along effect.”

A

Hindsight Bias

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27
Q

Decision-making strategies that involve educated guesses or rules of thumb. Intuitive and efficient ways of solving problems and making decisions; they are often at work when we a decision by following a gut feeling.

A

Heuristics

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28
Q

Two types of Heuristics

A
  1. Availability Heuristic
  2. Representative Heuristic
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29
Q

This is the decision- making heuristic in which people make a prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining similar events.

A

Availability Heuristic

30
Q

This is a decision-making heuristic in which people make judgements about group membership based on physical appearances or the match between a person and one’s stereotype of a group rather than on available base rate information.

A

Representative Heuristic

31
Q

What are the 3 criteria of a good intelligence test?

A
  1. Validity
  2. Reliability
  3. Standardization
32
Q

This refers to the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure. If a test says it measures intelligence, then it should measure intelligence not some other characteristic such as anxiety or socioeconomic background.

A

Validity

33
Q

This refers to the extent to which a test yields a consistent, reproducible measure of performance.

A

Reliability

34
Q

This involves developing uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test, and the creation of norms, or performance standards, for the test.

A

Standardization

35
Q

A French psychologist was responsible for the development of the first intelligence test.

A

Alfred Binet

36
Q

Binet grouped test items in accordance to the age at which children generally

A

Passed and Failed

37
Q

Binet premised that intelligence increased with age (up to about __) therefore test items were arranged according to __________ _________ with __________ ___ used as the criterion of difficulty.

A

16
increasing difficulty
chronological age

38
Q

Refers to the intellectual level at which a child is functioning expressed in units of chronological age.

A

Mental age

39
Q

The general mental ability by the average child of a particular chronological age (____ __ _ __)

A

Up to age 16

40
Q

A child who passed all of the items up to and including those at the _ ____ _____ would have a mental age of _ regardless of __________ __.

A

mental age of 6
6
chronological age

41
Q

In 1912, _______ _____, devised an index of intelligence by dividing a child’s mental age by his or her chronological age.

A

William Stern

42
Q

He multiplied the index by ___ to _______ ________.

A

100
eliminate decimals

43
Q

The resulting statistic is the ________ _______, calculated, as just explained, as MA/CA X 100.

A

Intelligence Quotient

44
Q

Current intelligence tests include:

A

WAIS- Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
WISC- Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

45
Q

An important feature of intelligence test is their _________. The __________ refers to the frequencies of various scores on a scale.

A

Distribution
Distribution

46
Q

Is a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve, with a majority of the scores falling in the middle of the possible range and few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range.

A

Normal distribution

47
Q

Refers to a distribution of scores obtained by a large sample of people who have taken a particular psychological test.

A

Norms

48
Q

According to____ there is more to intelligence than the verbal and mathematical abilities measured by current intelligent tests.

A

Howard Gardner

49
Q

What are the 9 multiple intelligence’s?

A
  1. Verbal
  2. Mathematical
  3. Spatial
  4. Bodily-Kinesthetic
  5. Musical
  6. Interpersonal Intelligence
  7. Intrapersonal Intelligence
  8. Naturalist
  9. Existential
50
Q

The ability to think in words and use language to express meaning. Mastery, love, and ability to use language and words (in spoken an written form) found in poets, lawyers, speakers, writers, and rap singers.

A

Verbal

51
Q

Ability to detect patterns, think logically, reason deductively, and carry out mathematical operations. Used in solving mathematics problems and in logical thinking-for instance, in science and mathematics, especially highly advanced mathematics.

A

Mathematical

52
Q

The ability to think three-dimensionally.Ability to represent the spatial world (both wide spaces and confined spaces); likely to be found in pilots, navigators, sculptors, architects, and championship chess players.

A

Spatial

53
Q

Ability to use and control parts (hands, fingers, arms) or the whole body and to handle objects skillfully;found in dancers, surgeons, athletes, and craftspeople.

A

Bodily-Kinesthetic

54
Q

Ability to hear, recognize, and manipulate patterns in music. High level of competence in composing and performing, sensitivity to pitch, melody, rhythm, and tone, evident in composers, singers, and musicians.

A

Musical

55
Q

Sensitivity to people, ability to understand what motivates them and ability to recognize their intentions, understanding how to work effectively with people and how to lead and to follow; may be found in people involved in sales, teaching, counseling, or politics.

A

Interpersonal Intelligence

56
Q

The ability to understand oneself (occupations, theologian, psychologist).

A

Intrapersonal Intelligence

57
Q

Ability to discriminate among living things (plants, animals) and sensitivity to other features of the natural world (clouds, rock configurations). Values our evolutionary past as hunters, gathers, and farmers; likely to be found in roles such as botanist, chef, and landscaping.

A

Naturalist

58
Q

Ability to pose and ponder questions about life, death, and ultimate realities.

A

Existential

59
Q

According to____, humans are prewired biologically to learn language at a certain time and in a certain way.

A

Noam Chomsky

60
Q

Chromsky and many other language experts believe that the strongest evidence for _______ ________ _____ is the fact that children all over the world reach language milestones at the same time and in about the same order.

A

Languages Biological Basis

61
Q

A specialized area in the left frontal lobe, on the surface of the brain near the bottom of the motor control area is _____ ____ (______ ____), which controls the muscles that produce speech.

A

Broca’s Area (Output Area)

62
Q

Is found at the top of the left temporal lobe near its junction with the parietal lobe.This area is responsible for the thinking and interpreting aspect of language production.

A

Wernicke’s Area (Input Area)

63
Q

Behaviorists opposed ____________ hypothesis and argued that language represents nothing more than chains of responses acquired through reinforcement.

A

Chromsky’s

64
Q

Children appear to be neither exclusively __________ programmed _______ nor exclusively _______ driven _________ experts.

A

biologically
linguists
socially
language

65
Q

Refers to a person’s interpretation of a situation. Includes whether the event is viewed as harmful and threatening, or challenging and a person’s determination of whether he or she has the resources to cope effectively with the events.

A

Cognitive Appraisal

66
Q

Is essentially a kind of problem solving. Refers to managing demanding circumstances, expending effort to solve life’s problems, and seeking to master or reduce stress.

A

Coping

67
Q

According to _______ _______, cognitive appraisal involves two steps.

A

Richard Lazarus

68
Q

What are the two steps to cognitive appraisal?

A
  1. Primary appraisal
  2. Secondary appraisal
69
Q

Individuals first interpret whether an event is harmful, is a threat of some future danger, or a challenge to be overcome.

A

Primary appraisal

70
Q

Individuals evaluate their resources and determine how effectively they can be used to cope with the event.

A

Secondary appraisal

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