Chapter 16 Therapies Flashcards
There are more than ___ different treatments for psychological disorders.
400
use psychotropic drugs, electroconvulsive therapy, and
psychosurgery.
biomedical therapies
range from “talk therapies” to treatments based
on the principles of learning.
Psychological therapies
is a nonmedical process that helps individuals with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems.
Psychotherapy
Specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. They have earned a doctoral degree (Ph.D., Psy.D, or Ed.D.) which usually takes 5 - 7 years after an undergraduate degree. Requires both clinical and research training.
Clinical psychologist
These are medical doctors. 4 years of medical school, plus an internship and residency in __________, is required. A _________ residency involves supervision in therapies, including psychotherapy and biomedical therapy.
Psychiatrists
psychiatry
psychiatry
Similar to clinical psychologist but with emphasis on counseling and therapy. Some ____________ _______________ specialize in vocational counseling. Some counselors complete master’s degree training, others PhD or EdD training.
counseling psychologists
counseling psychologists
These people may have an MA, PhD, PsyD, or EdD with training in graduate programs of education or psychology. Emphasis on psychological assessment and
counseling practices involving students’ school-related problems.
School Psychologist
These people learn to use social services and groups to meet their clients’ needs; usually have earned an MSW or DSW or PhD.
Social Workers
These people are registered nurses who usually have earned a master’s degree from a ____________ __________ program, which usually takes about 2-yrs.
Psychiatric Nurses
psychiatric nursing
Emphasis on ______________ training with focus on physically or psychologically handicapped individuals. Stresses getting individuals back into the mainstream
of work.
Occupational Therapist
occupational
Requires ministerial background and training in psychology. An internship in a mental health facility as a chaplain is recommended.
Pastoral Counselor
Today these people range from a Master’s degree to a doctorate. They may be members of the clergy (Pastoral) or professional educators. Graduate work in a department of psychology or department of education with specialized training in counseling techniques.
Counselors
A large body of research and multiple meta-analyses support the conclusion that _______________ does work.
psychotherapy
Individuals who receive __ to __ sessions of psychotherapy are more likely to improve and are likely to maintain these improvements for _ to _ years, provided that the treatment they receive is based on sound psychological theory.
12
14
2
3
There is strong research supporting the idea that ________ is effective and that no one therapy has been shown to be significantly more effective than the others.
therapy
means that for any given psychological disorder, treatment decisions should be based on the body of research that has been conducted showing which
type of therapy works best.
Empirically supported treatment
Proponents of ____________ ___________ ___________ say that each disorder would be treated using
the particular type of therapy that has been shown by research to work best for that disorder.
empirically supported treatment
in which drugs are specifically prescribed to treat particular illnesses would be an example of empirically supported treatment.
Drug treatment
Three factors that play an important role in determining the effectiveness of psychotherapy include:
1) The therapeutic Alliance
2) The therapist
3) The client
This is the relationship between the therapist and client. The relationship between the therapist and client is strengthened if the relationship is one of trust,
respect, and cooperation.
The therapeutic Alliance
Therapists with high expertise are those who not only possess a great deal of knowledge but those who continue to learn, to monitor client progress, and to make changes when necessary.
The therapist
Meta-analyses suggest that the quality of the client’s participation is the most important determinant of whether therapy is successful.
The client
Two ways to differentiate the types of therapy include:
- Insight versus symptoms and skill development
- Directive versus nondirective
Some treatments focus on gaining insight into deeper causes while others focus on the person’s immediate symptoms.
Insight versus symptoms and skill development
Some treatments requires the therapist to play an active role in the client’s life, while other treatments involve a therapist that does not confront the client.
Directive versus nondirective
stress the importance of the unconscious mind, extensive interpretation by the therapist, and the role of early childhood experiences in the development of an individual’s problems.
Psychodynamic therapies
The goal of _____________ _________ is to help
individuals gain insight into the unconscious conflicts that underlie their problems.
psychodynamic therapies
is Freud’s therapeutic technique for analyzing an individual’s unconscious
thoughts.
Psychoanalysis
To reach the unconscious, psychoanalytic therapists use the following techniques:
Free association
Dream analysis
Transference
this technique involves encouraging individuals to say aloud whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing. Talking freely would allow their deepest
thoughts and feelings to emerge.
Free association
psychoanalysts believe that dreams contain information about unconscious thoughts, wishes, and conflicts. For Freud, every dream, even our worst nightmare, contains a hidden, disguised wish.
Dream analysis
Freud distinguished between the dream’s _________ and _______ content.
Manifest
Latent
According to Sigmund Freud, the deeper underlying meaning of a dream is
latent content
It is a dream’s hidden content; its unconscious and contains the true meaning.
latent content
is transformed into the manifest content by a process called dream work.
latent content
Analysis of the _________ ________ would reveal attempts to fulfill wishes, especially of a sexual or aggressive nature, of which the dreamer was not consciously aware.
manifest content
According to Freud, the _______ meaning of a dream is locked inside the unconscious mind of the
dreamer.
latent
The goal of _________ is to unlock that secret meaning by probing into the deeper layers of the person’s mind through free association about the manifest dream elements.
analysis
this refers to a client’s relating to the psychoanalyst in ways that reproduce or relive important relationships in the individual’s life.
Transference
According to Freud, ______________ is a necessary part of the psychoanalytic relationship, as it models the way that individuals relate to important people in their lives.
transference
involve treatments that are unique in their emphasis on
people’s self-healing capacities and encouraging clients to understand themselves and to grow personally.
Humanistic therapies
These therapies are unique in their emphasis on the
person’s ____-_________ capacities.
self-healing
can be contrasted with psychodynamic therapies in that Humanistic places emphasis on conscious rather
than on unconscious thoughts, on the present and not on the past, and on self- fulfillment rather than illness.
Humanistic therapies
Carl Rogers developed a therapeutic approach called _______-__________ _________, in which the therapist provides a warm, supportive atmosphere to improve the client’s self-concept and to encourage the client to gain insight into their problems.
client-centered therapy
is called Rogerian therapy or nondirective therapy.
client-centered therapy
the goal of therapy is to help the client identify and
understand their own genuine feelings and become more congruent, bringing their actual self closer to their ideal self.
client-centered therapy
believed that each of us is born with the potential to be fully functioning, but that we live in a world in which we are valued only if we live up to conditions of worth.
Rogers
Rogers proposed that to achieve this
reconnection, the individual must experience a relationship that includes three essential qualities:
unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness
First, regardless of what they do, people need ______________ ____________ ________. The therapist constantly recognizes the inherent value of the client, providing a context for personal growth and self-acceptance.
unconditional positive regard
Second, the therapist strives to put himself or herself in the client’s shoes – to feel the emotions the client is feeling. ________ involves being a sensitive listener and
understanding another’s true feelings.
Empathy
Third, _____________ means being open with one’s feelings and dropping all pretenses and facades.
genuineness
For _______, unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness are the three essential ingredients of healthy human relations.
Rogers
are treatments that are based on the behavioral and social cognitive theories of learning, and that use principles of learning to reduce or eliminate maladaptive
behavior.
Behavior therapies
focus on changing behavior rather than focusing on the
unconscious (Psychodynamic) or encouraging individuals to develop accurate perceptions of their feelings and selves (Humanistic).
Behavior therapists
use principles of learning to reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior.
Behavior therapies
The focus is on eliminating the problematic __________ or
__________ rather than on helping individuals gain an understanding of why they are depressed
symptoms
behaviors
In the early years of behaviorism, learning principles using __________ and ________ ______________
were used exclusively.
classical and operant conditioning
However, in more recent years Behavior therapists began to incorporate cognitive factors into therapy thus forming socio-cognitive therapies. Here we
look at
1) systematic desensitization,
2) aversive conditioning and
3) operant conditioning techniques.
A hierarchy of anxiety-arousing images is constructed. The therapist and client then list about 10 scenes ranging from those that produce very little anxiety to those that arouse extreme anxiety. The client visualizes items of the hierarchy, beginning with the least anxiety-arousing image, while maintaining the relaxation state.
Systematic Desensitization
If any image begins to create an anxious feeling, the client stops visualizing it and returns to a state of complete relaxation. The items are introduced in ascending order until all of them can be visualized without anxiety. Research shows that this imagery technique helps reduce anxiety in actual situations outside the therapist’s office.
Systematic Desensitization
is a classical conditioning technique for reducing or eliminating behavior by pairing the behavior with an unpleasant (aversive) stimulus.
Aversion therapy
refers to unpleasant or painful stimuli such as electrical shock, nausea-inducing drugs, or repugnant
tastes or smells to decrease unwanted behavior.
Aversive stimuli
has been successful in reducing and sometimes eliminating cigarette smoking, overeating, alcoholism, and sexual deviations such as exhibitionism.
Treatments that combine cognitive and behavioral elements have been shown to be moderately successful in effecting changes in deviant arousal and behavioral patterns in a significant number of cases
Aversive conditioning (a.k.a, Aversion Therapy)
Therapy involves conducting a careful analysis of the person’s environment to determine which factors need modification. Applied behavior analysis involves establishing positive reinforcement connections between behaviors and rewards so that individuals engage in appropriate behavior and extinguish inappropriate behavior.
Operant conditioning techniques
All cognitive therapies involve these basic assumptions: Human beings have _______ over their feelings, and how individuals _____ about something depends on how they
______ about it.
Control
Feel
Think
involves getting people to recognize these connections and helping them use thinking to change their feelings.
Cognitive therapy
a general concept for changing a pattern of thought that is presumed to be causing maladaptive behavior or emotion, is central to cognitive therapies.
Cognitive restructuring
The first goal of therapy is to bring these automatic ________ into awareness so that they can be changed.
Thoughts
The therapist helps clients to identify their own automatic ________ and to keep records of their thought content and ___________ reactions. If you can change a troubled person’s faulty thought processes, you can change that person’s feelings.
Thoughts
emotional
With the therapist’s assistance, clients learn to recognize logical _______ in their thinking and to challenge the accuracy of these automatic thoughts. A client is
shown how to dispute his or her dysfunctional ________ and how to convert them to realistic and logical thoughts.
Errors
beliefs
guide individuals in identifying their irrational and self-defeating thoughts.
Cognitive therapists
is a therapy that combines cognitive therapy and behavior therapy with the goal of developing self-efficacy.
Cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT)
Depending on what the thoughts are, if you change those ________ then you can change ________.
thoughts
behavior
A key concept of Bandura is ____-________ referring to the belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes.
self-efficacy
The greater an individual’s sense of _____-________, the more confidence that person has in his or her ability to deal with life’s challenges. For Bandura, one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes.
self-efficacy
Bandura believes that self-efficacy is the key to successful ________.
Therapy
One technique used here is ____-____________ ________aimed at teaching individuals to modify their own behavior.
self-instructional methods
Using ____-____________ ________ , cognitive-behavior therapists prompt clients to change what they say to themselves.
self-instructional techniques
The therapist gives the client examples of constructive statements, known as ____________ ____-___________, which the client can repeat in order to take positive steps to cope with stress or meet a goal.
reinforcing self-statements
