Chapter 12 Flashcards
Is defined as a pattern of enduring (stable), distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.
Personality
Psychodynamic perspectives on personality emphasize that personality is primarily __________.
Unconscious
Those enduring patterns that make up personality are not available to our __________ ___________ and they powerfully shape our behavior in ways that we cannot readily comprehend.
Conscious awareness
What is ____________ is too frightening to be part of our conscious awareness.
Unconscious
Stress that early childhood experience shapes adult personality.
Psychodynamic theorists
Was an Austrian physician best known as the father of psychoanalysis.
Freud
For Freud, what was the most important motivator of all human activity?
Sexual Drive
Freud thought that the human sex drive was the main determinant of ______________ ______________, and felt that _____________ disorders,________, and all __________ _________ represent the conflict between this unconscious sexual drive and the demands of civilized human society.
Personality development
Psychological
Dreams
Human behavior
Many Freud’s patients were ______ and treated many suffering from __________, referring to _________ ________ that have no physical cause.
Women
Hysteria
Physical symptoms
Freud believed that hysterical symptoms had many causes in the ____________. He came to believe that ___________ __ __ has a multitude of unconscious causes.
Unconscious
Everything we do
Freud developed his model of the human personality in which he describes the ____________ __ ___________.
Structures of personality
According to Freud’s comprehensive theory, the mind consists of three separate but interacting elements. What are they?
the Id
the Ego
the Superego
Represents the primitive, biological side of our personality.
the Id
Is entirely unconscious, supplies energy and demands pleasure following the pleasure principle. It is the individual’s reservoir of sexual energy.
The Id
Operates primarily at the conscious level and is the executive part of personality that directs rational behavior.
the Ego
It incorporates the reality principle by delaying action until it is appropriate (norms of society). It tries to get the Id what it wants within the norms of society.
The Ego
The Id is completely unconscious, the ___ is partly conscious.
Ego
This is the harsh internal judge of our behavior.
the Superego
Is reflected in what we often call conscience and evaluates the morality of our behavior.
the Superego
Is the part that incorporates parental and societal standards.
Conscience
the Id and the Superego are unrealistic and irrational in separate but competing ways. According to Freud, there is a never-ending battle between the two irrational forces (Id, Superego), with a mediator, the ego, in the middle. The ego tries to find an acceptable middle road between these two divergent forces.
Interaction of the Id, Ego, and Superego
Are tactics the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
Defense mechanism
What are some well known defense mechanisms?
Repression
Rationalization
Displacement
Denial
Regression
The master defense mechanism; the ego pushes unacceptable impulses out of awareness, back into the unconscious mind. This is the most powerful and pervasive defense mechanism.
Repression
The ego replaces a less acceptable motive with a more acceptable one.
Rationalization
The ego shifts feelings toward an unacceptable object to another, more acceptable object.
Displacement
The ego refuses to acknowledge anxiety-producing realities.
Denial
The ego seeks the security of an earlier developmental period in the face of stress.
Regression
Pushes unacceptable id impulses into the unconscious mind. Is the foundation for all the psychological defense mechanisms, whose goal is to repress threatening impulses, to push them out of awareness.
Regression
What are the two major proponents of Humanistic perspective?
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
Believed that we can learn the most about human personality by focusing on the very best examples of human beings, that is self-actualizers.
Maslow
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs with self- actualization as the __________ _______.
Higher level
Is the motivation to develop to one’s full potential as a human being.
Self-actualization
For ________, self-actualizers are spontaneous, creative, and possessing childlike capacity for awe.
Maslow
A _______ at this optimal level would be tolerant of others, have a gentle sense of humor, and be likely to pursue the greater good.
Person
Was the second major proponent of the Humanistic perceptive.
Carl Rogers
Work led the way for more contemporary studies of personal growth and self-determination.
Roger’s
What causes us problems is that we do not receive positive regard ____________.
Unconditionally
Is Roger’s term for being accepted, valued, and treated positively regardless of one’s behavior.
Unconditional positive
Others often value us only when we behave in particular ways that meet Roger called ________ __ _______.
Conditions of worth
Rogers also stressed the importance of ______-________, our conscious representation of who we are and who we wish to become, during childhood.
Self-concept
Reflects out genuine, innate desires, but it also can be influenced by conditions of worth.
Self-Concept
Rogers believed that the person must reconnect with his or her true feelings and desires. He proposed that to achieve this reconnection, the individual must experience a relationship that includes three essential qualities. What are they?
Unconditional positive regard
Empathy
Genuineness
This refers to the individual’s need to be accepted, valued, and treated positively regardless of the person’s behavior. Even when behavior is inappropriate, obnoxious, or unacceptable, the person still needs the respect, comfort, and love of others.
Unconditional Positive Regard
Individuals can become more fulfilled by interacting with people who are empathetic toward them. Involves being sensitive listener and understanding another’s true feelings.
Empathy
Means being open with one’s feelings and dropping pretenses and facades.
Genuineness
Defines traits as broad, enduring dispositions that tend to lead to characteristic responses.
Laura King
They are summary terms, that describe tendencies to respond in particular ways and that account for differences among people.
Traits
Are the language of personality and as such they are building blocks of personality and may date back to the first use of language.
Traits
Is the founder of the trait approach and considered the father of American personality psychology.
Gordon Allport
For _________, the unit we should use to understand personality is the trait.
Allport
Allport defined traits as _________ __________ that make different situations the same for the person. Allport’s definition implies that behavior should be consistent across __________ ________.
Mental structures
Different situations
Allport and his colleague, H.S. Odbert, used a method called the _________ _______ in which they went about identifying 4,500 traits used to describe a person
Lexical approach
In 1963, ____ ______ reanalyzed the Allport and Odbert traits and concluded that only five factors were needed to summarize these traits.
W.T. Norman
His research set the stage for the dominant approach in personality psychology: ___ _______ _______.
The Five-Factor Model
What are the five factors of personality?
Extraversion vs. Introversion
Agreeable vs. Disagreeable
Conscientiousness vs. Undependable
Neuroticism vs. Emotional stability
Open to Experience vs. Closed to Experience
Extraverts are more likely than others to engage in social activities and to experience gratitude and a strong sense of meaning in life. Outward behaviors include smiling, standing energetically, and dressing stylishly. Opposite to extraverts are introverts. Those that are retiring, somber and reserved.
Extraversion vs Introversion
These people display generosity, altruism, religious faith, and more satisfying romantic relationship. Opposite to agreeable are ruthless, suspicious, and uncooperative.
Agreeable vs. Disagreeable
These people are organized, careful and disciplined. This is positively related to high school and college higher gpa’s and better-quality friendships. Opposite to conscientiousness is disorganized, careless, and impulsive.
Conscientiousness vs. Undependable
These people report feeling negative emotion more often than positive emotion in one’s daily life and experiencing more lingering negative states. Opposite to neuroticism is calm, secure, and self-satisfied.
Neuroticism vs. Emotional Stability
These people demonstrate liberal values, open-mindedness, tolerance, and creativity. Opposite to openness are people that are practical, routine, and tendency to conform.
Open to Experience vs. Closed to Experience
Are theoretically independent of one another and a person can be combination of the five.
Five factors
Can be strengths or weaknesses, depending on the types of situations we encounter and the kinds of situations we seek out of ourselves.
Traits
Dan McAdams’ ______ _________ _________ proposes that to understand the uniqueness of people, we must focus on that individual’s life story.
Life Story Approach
For McAdams, our life story is our identity. McAdams also introduced the concept of ________ _________.
Intimacy motivation
Is an enduring concern for warm interpersonal encounters for their own sake.
Intimacy motive
Is revealed in the warm, positive interpersonal imagery in the stories people tell.
Intimacy motive
Other personality psychologists have relied on _______ _________ of experiences as a means of understanding how individuals create meaning in life events.
Narrative accounts
Murray believed that to understand a person, we have to know that person’s ________, including the _______, _____________ and _________ aspects of the person’s life.
History
Physical
Psychological
Sociological
Is a means of inquiry in which the personality psychologist attempts to apply a personality theory to a single person’s life.
Psychobiography
Perspectives emphasize the influence of conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations and goals. This approach incorporates behavioral principles (social) with cognitive processes such as reasoning, and thinking about the past, present, and future.
Social Cognitive
Bandura started with basic propositions of __________ and added the importance of cognitive processes in understanding human behavior.
Behaviorism
A key concept of Bandura’s was ___________ ____________, where the person, environment, and behavior influence one another.
Reciprocal Determinism
It suggest that our _______ can change the ________.
Behavior
Environment
Thus _________ can be cause of ___________ and environment can be an effect of behavior.
Environment
Behavior
Bandura agreed with the behaviorist that we learn a wide range of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings by watching others’ behavior and that our observations strongly shape our personality.
Observational Learning
Psychologists describe a sense of behavioral control that comes from the inside the person called an internal locus of control or a sense of behavioral control that comes from outside the person called an external locus of control.
Personal Control
For Bandura, this is the belief that one can master the situation and produce positive change.
Self Efficacy
Is related to whether people see psychotherapy, successful job interviewing, and job performance.
Self Efficacy
Is another social cognitive psychologist along with Albert Bandura who explored how personality influences behavior.
Walter Mischel
Mischel is noted for the following two contributions: What are they?
- His criticism of the idea of consistency in behavior, and
- A new way of thinking about personality which he called the CAPS model.
A person tends to behave consistently in different situations, the individual should exhibit _____-___________ ___________.
Cross-Situational Consistency
Mischel believed that behavior is discriminate, that a person looks at each situation and responds accordingly and called this ____________.
Situationism
The idea that personality and behavior often vary considerably from one context to another.
Situationism
Some personality psychologists countered Mischel’s view of personality and behavior (that personality is not cross-situational consistency) by focusing on ______ and ___ personality might predict behavior.
When
How
The narrower and more limited a trait is, the more likely it will _________ __________.
Predict behavior
Some people are consistent on some traits, and other people are _________ on other traits.
Consistent
Exerts a stronger influence on an individual’s behavior when situational influences are less powerful.
Personality traits
The results indicate remarkable ________ (or coherence) in personality over time. Mischel was concerned with ________ (or coherence) in the pattern of behavior over time, not with across differing situations.
Stability
Stability
In keeping with social cognitive emphasis on the person’s cognitive abilities, Mischel conceptualizes personality as a set of interconnected Cognitive Affective Processing Systems (______)
CAPS
Are psychological connections that a person has made among situations, beliefs, and behaviors (remember Bandura’s reciprocal determinism which said that the person ( and cognitive factors), the situation (environment), and behavior influence one another?)
Personal control and Self-efficacy
Is concerned with how personality works, not with what it is.
CAPS
Focuses on how people behave in different situations and how they uniquely interpret situational features.
CAPS Theory
Research using CAPS approach generally involves observing individuals behaving in a variety of contexts in order to identify the patterns of associations that exist among ______, ________, and _______ for each person across different situations.
Beliefs
Emotions
Behavior
What are the various types of measurements of personality?
Self-report tests
MMPI
Projective Tests
The Rorschach Inkblot Test
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
These are objective test or inventory and directly ask people whether specific items describe their traits.
Self-report tests
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is the word widely used and researched empirically keyed self-report personality test.
MMPI
The test was constructed in the 1940 and is used primarily to diagnose psychological disorders.
MMPI
The current edition is the ______-_ __, used around the world to assess personality variety of personality characteristics (ex. Impulsivity).
MMPI-2 RF
Also includes a scale that assesses whether the respondent is lying or trying to make a good impression.
MMPI
Presents individuals with an ambiguous stimulus and asks them to describe it or tell a story about it-in other words, to project their own meaning onto the stimulus.
Projective Tests
The assumption underlying __________ _____ is that people project their personality characteristics onto the ambiguous stimuli.
Projective tests
One of the most widely used projective tests is the ___________ _________ _____ by Hermann Rorschach.
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Dropped ink onto a piece of paper and then folded the paper in half, thus creating a symmetrical pattern.
Rorschach
Are asked to describe what they see in each inkblot.
Test takers
Users of the _________ ____ believe that these aspects of the responses yield information about an individual’s personality.
Rorschach test
The Rorschach’s usefulness in research is ____________. The test’s reliability and validity have both been ________.
Controversial
Criticized
This test is designed to elicit stories that reveal unconscious motives and other aspects of personality.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
The _____ cards contain vague black and white pictures that consists of a series of pictures in which the test taker is asked to tell a story about each of the pictures including events leading up to the situation described, the characters’ thoughts and feelings, and the way the situation turns out.
TAT
