Chapter 15 Psychological Disorders Flashcards
is behavior that is deviant, maladaptive,
or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time.
Abnormal Behavior
means that a behavior does not conform to accepted
social standards.
Deviant
This criteria focuses on how often the behavior occurs in the population.
Deviant
is supposed to be rare in the United States.
Cannibalism
behavior interferes with a person’s ability to
function effectively in the world.
Maladaptive
When behaviors interfere with
daily functioning we call those __________ ___________.
behaviors dysfunctional
This involves ________ ________ over a long period of
time, meaning the person finds it troubling. Some people that have a mental disorder may have discomfort.
Personal distress
Only one of the 3 criteria described
above needs to be present for behavior to be labeled “_______,” but typically two or all three may be present.
Abnormal
When ________ _______ persists, it may lead to the diagnosis of a psychological disorder.
Abnormal behavior
What are the Models (Approaches) of Abnormal Behavior?
- The Medical Model
- The Psychological Model
- The Sociocultural Model
- The Biopsychosocial Model
this model involves describing symptoms that occur together and that
have an organic (biological) origin. This approach primarily focuses on the brain, genetic factors,
and neurotransmitter functioning as the sources of abnormality.
The Medical Model
this approach emphasizes the contributions of experiences,
thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics to psychological disorders. Emphasis might
be on childhood experiences.
The Psychological Model
Behavioral psychologists (i.e., Watson, Skinner) propose that we learn behaviors (_______ and ______) through the principles of classical conditioning, operant
conditioning (rewards, punishers), and modeling.
normal and abnormal
_____ ________ __________focus on understanding the content and processes of human thought.
Social cognitive psychologists
look at our thinking processes to find irrational thinking that leads to emotional problems.
Cognitive psychologists
this model focuses on the role of social and cultural influences on the frequency, diagnosis, and conception of psychological disorders.
The Sociocultural Model
is on the social contexts in which a person lives, including the individual’s gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, family relationships, and culture.
Emphasis
There is a growing recognition that many disorders have multiple causes; thus the simultaneous use of several models is likely to advance our understanding of
abnormal behavior.
The Biopsychosocial Model
This emphasis on multiple causation is evident in the ____________ ______, which incorporates biological, factors along with psychological and sociocultural (social) factors.
biopsychosocial model
is an important concept that has
helped psychologists understand the ways different factors influence the development of psychological disorders.
vulnerability-stress hypothesis (aka, diathesis-stress model
is a Greek term meaning predisposition.
diathesis
In 1952, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) published the first major classification of psychological disorders in the United States, the ________ and ________ ______ __ _______ ________ (DSM).
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Since then, several editions have
been published with the ___-_ (the current edition) having been published in
2013.
DSM-5
The first DSM listed ___ disorders and the DSM-IV-TR now includes ___.
112
374
Because the DSM is published by the American Psychiatric Association, it is considered a _______ _____.
Medical model
is the latest edition of the major classification of psychological disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association.
DSM-5
continues to reflect only the medical model, neglecting factors such as
poverty, unemployment, and trauma.
DSM-5
classifies individuals on the basis of 5 dimensions, or axes, that take into account the individual’s history and highest level of functioning in the previous year.
DSM-IV
involve fears that are uncontrollable, disproportionate to the actual danger the person might be in, and disruptive of ordinary life. They feature motor tension (jumpiness,
trembling), hyperactivity (a racing heart), and apprehensive expectations and thoughts
Anxiety Disorders
Excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation),
occurring more days than not for at least 6 months, about a number of events or activities (i.e. work. school, family). Restlessness,, fatigued, difficulty concentrating, irritability, Muscle tension, and sleep disturbance.
There is a difference between anxiety and fear. Anxiety is a vague apprehensiveness and in fear the individual knows the source of the fear.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Biological factors are
genetic predisposition, GABA deficiency, sympathetic nervous system activity. Socio-cultural factors include
strict parents and automatic negative thoughts.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Recurrent unexpected Panic Attacks and at least 1 of the
attacks has been followed by 1 month (or more) of one (or more) of the following: ( a)persistent concern about having additional attacks, (b) worry about the implications of the attack (i.e., having a heart attack,going crazy) and (c) a significant change in behavior related to the attacks.
Panic Disorder
A biological view is that the individual who experiences panic disorder may have an autonomic nervous
system that is overly active.
Panic Disorder
is a disorder characterized as marked and
persistent fear that is excessive or unreasonable, cued by the presence or anticipation of a specific object or situation (i.e., flying, heights, animals, seeing blood).
Specific phobia
intense fear of one or more social or
performance situations in which the person is exposed to unfamiliar people or to possible scrutiny by others.
Some theorists consider phobias as learned fears.
Social phobia
Genes appear to play a role in social phobia. Researchers have proposed that there is a neural circuit for social
phobia that includes the thalamus, amygdala, and
cerebral cortex.
Specific phobia
Criteria for OCD are A) either obsessions or compulsions, and B) at some point during the course of the disorder, the person has recognized that the obsessions or compulsions are excessive or unreasonable.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
is an anxiety disorder characterized by repetitive,
irrational, intrusive thoughts, impulses, or images (these are called obsessions), and/or irresistible, repetitive acts (these are called compulsions) such as checking that doors are locked or washing hands.
The compulsions almost always follow the obsessions.
OCD
There seems to be a genetic component. The amygdala may be smaller in individuals with OCD compared to those who do not have the disorder. Related OCD disorders include: Hoarding disorder, Excoriation,
Trichotillomania, and Body Dysmorphic
disorder.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
The person has been exposed to a traumatic event in which both were present: (A) the person witnessed an event involving actual or threatened death or serious injury, and (B)the traumatic event is persistently re-experienced in or (or more) ways: 1.recurrent/intrusive recollections, 2. Recurrent distressing dreams, 3. Acting or feeling as if the traumatic event was recurring, 4. Intense psychological distress, and 5. Physiological reactivity on exposure to cues that symbolize
the event.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
The nature of the traumatic event may result in PTSD. A history of previous traumatic events and conditions,
such as abuse and psychological disorders may also contribute to the disorder.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity due to the dissociation (separation) of the individual’s conscious awareness from previous memories and
thoughts.
Dissociative disorders
The essential feature of the _____________ ___________ is a disruption in the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, or perception of the environment.
Dissociative Disorders
to separate; separation from the personality of a complex pattern of psychological processes which may then function independently of the rest of the personality.
Dissociative
Psychologists believe that _________ is an individual’s way of dealing with extreme stress.
dissociation
Two kinds of dissociative disorders we look at here are ___________ ________, and ___________ _________ ________.
dissociative amnesia
dissociative identity disorder
involves a sudden inability to recall important personal information or important events; often occurs in response to trauma or extreme stress.
Dissociative amnesia
A person experiencing _____________ _________ is still able to remember other aspects of their lives, however they may not remember aspects of their own identity and autobiographical experiences are forgotten.
dissociative amnesia
is NOT a complete, global loss of memory.
Dissociative amnesia
(originally known as multiple personality disorder) is a
dissociative disorder in which the individual has two or more distinct personalities or identities, each with its own memories, behaviors, and relationships.
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Symptoms include:
- a person displays two or more identities that alternate.
- each identity may have its own personal history, self-image, and name.
- the identity that carries the real name is referred to as the host identity.
- the host identity is the original identity.
- the identities that differ in various ways are referred to as alter identities.
- alters reflect a failure to integrate various aspects of a person’s identity,
consciousness and memory. - research suggests that a high rate of extraordinarily severe sexual or
physical abuse during childhood is related to the condition. - the vast majority of individuals with DID are women.
- until the 1980s, only about 300 cases of DID had ever been reported.
- a genetic predisposition might also exist, as the disorder tends to run in
families.
It is a dissociative disorder involving amnesia and flight from the workplace or home; may involve establishing a new identity in a new location.
Dissociative Fugue
Cases of _____________ ______ are fascinating but extremely rare; more typical cases, although still infrequent, involve wandering away from a natural disaster.
dissociative fugue
It should be noted here that all the _____________ _________ are not pretended.
dissociative disorders
also known as _________ __________, are disturbances of mood that are intense and persistent enough to result in maladaptive behavior.
Mood disorders
affective disorders
These groups of disorders affect the
quality of life and their economic productivity.
Mood disorders
Some benefits of treatment include: a
decrease in ______ _______, increase in ________ __________, and a decrease in the use of
______ _____ _________.
human misery
economic productivity
health care facilities
can be a mood or a clinical syndrome.
Depression
refers to a pervasive and sustained emotional response that can distort your perception of the world.
Mood
A clinical syndrome consists of a combination of _________, __________ and ____________ symptoms.
Emotional, cognitive, behavioral
Mood disorders are divided into two groups:
1) Depressive disorders
2) Bipolar disorders
including Dysthymic Disorder and Major Depressive Disorders.
Depressive disorders
refers to someone who has experienced at least one episode of depression but no
manic or hypomanic episode.
Unipolar
include Cyclothymic Disorder, Bipolar II and Bipolar I.
Bipolar disorders
refers to someone who has experienced one or more episodes of depression and at least one manic or
hypomanic episode.
Bipolar
Essential in making a diagnosis is an understanding of the 4 types of episodes. What are they?
- Major Depressive episode
- Manic episode
- Mixed episode
- Hypomanic episode
(a depressive episode and a
manic episode)
Mixed episode
Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
* Presence of a single Major Depressive Episode
A single depressive episode includes:
(1) Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, as indicated by either subjective
(2) report or observation made by others.
(3) Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the
(4) day, nearly every day.
(5) Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain.
(6) Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day.
(7) Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day.
(8) Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day.
(9) Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt.
Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day.
Recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation.
(10) No history of manic episodes (or hypomanic episodes)
When a person says he feels __________ - they are
experiencing a ____________ mood
Depressed
Depressed
In other words, these feelings
are based on a __________ situation.
temporary
A variety of ____________, _______________, and ______________ factors have been implicated in the
development of depressive disorders.
Biological
Psychological
Sociocultural
Some factors might include genetic influences, brain structure, and the action of neurotransmitters.
Biological Factors
appear to play a role in depression, but they may do so in conjunction with experiences, again suggesting a vulnerability-stress association.
Genes
The neurotransmitter ___________ may play a central role in depression. An individual suffering from
depression may have difficulty regulating __________ or there may be too few receptors for
________ and _______________.
serotonin
serotonin
serotonin
norepinephrine
explanations for depression look at behavioral learning theories and cognitive
theories.
Psychological Factors
The ____________ ______________ focuses on learned helplessness, an individual’s acquisition of feelings of powerlessness when exposed to aversive circumstances, such as prolonged stress, over which the person has no control.
behavioral perspective
focus on thoughts that may contribute to depression.
Cognitive theories
proposed that a negative triad involving the person, the world and the future.
Aaron T. Beck
can lead to depression.
Negative distortions
A pessimistic _____________ ______ can lead to depression
attributional style
means blaming oneself for negative events and expecting the negative events to recur in the future.
Pessimistic attributional style
has been related to lowered depression and decreased suicide risk in a variety of samples.
Optimistic attributional style
Individuals with a low socioeconomic status (SES), especially people living in poverty, are more likely to develop depression then their higher-SES counterparts.
Sociocultural Factors
A longitudinal study of adults revealed that ___________ increased as standard of living and employment circumstances worsened.
depression
In regards to gender, ______ are nearly twice as
likely as ___ to be diagnosed with depression.
women
men
The Bipolar Disorder include:
1) Bipolar I Disorder
2) Bipolar II Disorder
one or more manic or mixed episodes and one or more
depressive episodes (not required for the diagnosis).
Bipolar I Disorder
will experience episodes if mania, and usually major
depressive episodes as well.
Bipolar I Disorder
is characterized by a flight of ideas, elevated
mood, and increased psychomotor activity. The
person feels euphoric and on top of the world. A
manic state also features an impulsivity that can get
the individual in trouble.
Mania
An individual may experience extreme manic episodes along with hallucinations, seeing or hearing things that are not there
Bipolar I Disorder
has been found to occur with a higher
frequency in highly creative people such as artists and
poets than in the general population.
Bipolar I Disorder
The extremes of mood which are characteristic of bipolar disorders may in some way fuel the creative process.
Bipolar disorder is equally common in women and men.
Bipolar I Disorder
Genetic influences are stronger predictors of bipolar
disorder than of depressive disorder. An individual with
an identical twin who has bipolar disorder has a more than 60% (heritability) probability of also having the disorder, Bipolar I Disorderand a fraternal twin more than 10%.
Bipolar I Disorder
Symptoms are not better accounted for by another disorder.
Symptoms result in clinically significant dysfunctioning.
Bipolar I Disorder
One or more hypomanic episodes + one more depressive episodes.
Bipolar II Disorder
differs from Bipolar I disorder in that the individual’s manic behavior is present to a lesser degree, called hypomania or a hypomanic episode.
Bipolar II Disorder
a hypomanic episode occurs when there is a distinct period of elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and other manic behaviors, but social or on-the-job functioning is not greatly impaired and the person does not have to be hospitalized.
Bipolar II Disorder
It is a psychotic disorder characterized by positive symptoms (excesses) or negative symptoms (deficits).
Schizophrenia
refers to a state in which a person’s perceptions and thoughts are fundamentally removed from reality.
Psychosis
recognizes a class of disorders called
“schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders.”
DSM-5
It strikes at a relatively early age (usually around 20), although deficiencies in attention and emotional responses are often noted in childhood.
Schizophrenia
Symptoms are divided into _________ and __________:
Positive
Negative
are distortions or excesses of normal functions including delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech/disorganized behavior.
Positive Symptoms
false beliefs that cannot be corrected in spite of evidence.
Delusions
they believe that others are tormenting, following, or ridiculing them.
persecutory delusions
all people wearing red carry a certain secret message conveyed by some deity.
bizarre delusions
untrue belief (of a depressed person) that he/she has
committed a terrible crime.
mood-congruent delusions
that the self, others, or work is nonexistent.
nihilistic delusions
false beliefs about bodily functions (e.g., that one’s brain is pulp, lungs/stomach are gone)
somatic delusions
involve self identity, that one is God or the president.
delusion of grandeu
other ___________ ____________ include the belief that thoughts are being inserted into the patient’s head, that other people are reading the patient’s thoughts, or that the patient is being controlled by mysterious, external forces. ______________ can result in violent behavior.
common delusions
Delusions
sensory perceptions in the absence of external stimuli.
Hallucinations
It is only in _______________ that hallucinations occur in a clear, conscious state.
schizophrenia
___________ _____________ are the most common. Many patients hear voices that comment
on their behavior or give them instructions, or accuse them of terrible crimes/actions.
Auditory hallucinations
During __________ _____________, blood flow in Broca’s area (speech center) was significantly greater during a hallucination and decreased activity in Wernicke’s area.
auditory hallucinations
In nonpsychiatric population, hallucinations can be caused by:
1) exhaustion,
2) sleep deprivation,
3) social isolation
4) a severe reactive depression,
5) amputation of
limbs (phantom limb experience),
6) prescribed medication, and
7) substance intoxication disorganized speech
a loosening of associations(also called derailment) in
which the speaker’s ideas shift from one topic to another abruptly.
substance intoxication disorganized speech
varies widely, is unpredictable, and may seem unrelated to the surroundings.
Disorganized behavior
involve unusual mannerisms, body movements,
and facial expression. There may be sudden, unpredictable, and seemingly inexplicable outbursts of anger.
Disorders of movement
random motor activity.
Catatonic excitement
complete lack of activity.
Catatonic rigidity
are behavior deficits (loss of normal functions) include flattened affect, poverty of speech and of speech content, and lack of directedness.
Negative symptoms
refers to failure to experience any emotion.
Flat affect
refers to inability to experience the typical range of emotions
Blunted affect
in affect are evident in rigid facial expressions, few expressive gestures, poor eye contact, and a lack of vocal inflection.
Disturbances
include deficits in executive functioning, including difficulty sustaining attention, problems holding information in memory, and inability to interpret
information and make decisions.
Cognitive symptoms
s defined as a person’s characteristic ways of responding.
Personality
From the DSM-5, ____________ is defined as enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the
environment and oneself.
personality
are (predictable) stable behavior patterns.
Personality traits
can be maladaptive IF the individual is unable to modify his or her behavior when the environment undergoes significant changes that call for different approaches.
Personality styles
are chronic, maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns that are thoroughly integrated into a person’s personality.
Personality disorders
The __ ______________ ___________ are grouped into three clusters based on descriptive similarities.
10 Personality Disorders
Paranoid - Schizoid - Schizotypal
CLUSTER A
Antisocial - Borderline - Histrionic - Narcissistic
CLUSTER B
Avoidant Personality Disorder - Dependent Personality
CLUSTER C
Obsessive-compulsive Personality Disorder
Disorder
the essential feature is a pervasive pattern of disregard
for, and violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood, or early adolescence and continues into adulthood.
Antisocial Personality Disorder
It is also characterized by guiltlessness, law-breaking,
exploitation of others, irresponsibility and deceit.
Antisocial Personality Disorder
