Chapter 11 Flashcards
Is defined as a category based on biological differences in anatomy, hormones, and genetic composition.
Sex
Refers to biological features that are used to classify a person as male or female, including internal sex organs, external genitalia, chromosomal makeup, hormones, and secondary sex characteristics.
Sex
Refers to social and cultural beliefs and expectations about what it means to be a boy/man or girl/woman and what kinds of behaviors and roles indicate masculinity and femininity.
Gender
Is a person’s deeply held personal sense of being a boy/man, girl/woman, both, neither, or fluid (meaning the person experiences gender as changing).
Gender Identity
The 23rd pair of chromosomes consisting of the XX or XY.
Sex Chromosomes
The ____ pair will make up with an __ match or an __ match.
23rd
XX
XY
An XX will match with a _______
Female
An XY will match with a ____
Male
Used to determine sex, are the glands that produce sex hormones and generate an ova (eggs)in females and sperm in males.
Gonads
Introduced social role theory to describe how institutional factors maintain gender roles and contribute to gender differences.
Alice Eagly
Is a theory of gender development that acknowledges that there are physical differences between the sexes that, historically, led men and women to perform different tasks, but points out the ways that these differences color social expectations and create and support social structures that limit opportunities for both sexes.
Social Role Theory
Starts by acknowledging evolutionary psychology’s position that women are more innately and directly involved in reproduction that men, and men are larger and stronger than women.
Eagly’s Social Role Theory
These differences result in a _________ __ ______ between the sexes, with women being more involved in the home and with childrearing and men being more likely o work outside the home.
Division of labor
The idea is that observing men and women performing different tasks leads to expectations and beliefs about what a man or woman ___ do and what we believe that person _____ do.
Can
Should
Expectations of how females and males should think, act, and feel.
Gender roles
Argues that each culture creates its own sense of what is a man and what is a woman.
Social Role Theory
Can be defined as a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a person or thing.
Stereotype
Is a behavior that is intended to harm another person.
Aggression
Proposes that there is a very large gender difference in same-gender aggression, with men being far more likely to aggress physically against each other.
Evolutionary Approach
Men tend to be higher on _____ aggression than females.
Overt
Is defined as physically or verbally harming another person directly.
Overt Aggression
Researchers have found that girls are more ____________ _________ than boys.
Relationally Aggressive
Refers to behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person through activities such as exclusion from their group or gossiping and spreading rumors.
Relational Aggression
Comprises a greater percentage of girls’ overall aggression that it does for boys.
Relational aggression
Relational aggression is more subtle than _____ ________, and the ____________ ____________ individual may not seem to be aggressive to others, as the aggressive acts typically are committed secretly.
Overt aggression
relationally aggressive
Evaluation the evidence for ___________ ___________-___________ ___________ appear to be strongest in the area of physical aggression.
Gender Differences
Gender Differences
Differences are weaker in the domains of _________ ability and ________.
Cognitive
Sexuality
Conducted a meta-analysis of meta-analyses.
Janet Shibley Hyde
Is a statistical summary of all the available data about a particular research question.
Meta-analysis
The idea that men and women (and boys and girls) are much more similar than they are different.
Gender Similarities Hypothesis
One way in which men and women clearly differ is that men generally are sexually attracted to _______, whereas women typically are sexually attracted to ___.
Women
Men
Is here defined as the direction of an individual’s erotic interests.
Sexual Orientation
It refers to the erotic and emotional feelings a person has for same sex (______________) or opposite sex (_______________) individuals.
Homosexuality
Heterosexuality
Some individuals are sexually attracted to people of both sexes.
Bisexual
Orientation means that the person’s sexual attractions do not depend on the biological sex, gender, or gender identity of others.
Pansexual
Means the person experiences a lack of sexual attraction to others and may feel they have no sexual orientation.
Asexuality
Note that sexual orientation is separate from _________ ________.
Gender Identity
Is relatively common in nature.
Homosexual behavior
Is present in all cultures, regardless of whether a culture is tolerant or not.
Homosexuality
The majority of people, regardless of culture, are __________.
Heterosexual
Estimates of the frequency of non-heterosexual orientations range from ____ to _____ of the population.
2%
15%
Scientists now believe that being reared by a gay parent ______ ____ increase the chances of being gay.
Does not
The vast majority of gay individuals have ____________ parents.
Heterosexual
A particular parenting style _____ _____ relate to the emergence of homosexuality.
Does not
Same sex sexual experience or experimentation in childhood _____ ___ predict eventual adult homosexuality.
Does not
Many factors may work together.
Unlikelihood of a single cause
There is great variation within any group.
Within- group variation
Studies vary in terms of how sexual orientation is measured.
Measurement Issues
Includes attraction, behaviors, desires, fantasies, and identity.
Sexual orientation
Representativness of group studied may be difficult to select.
Research challenges
Explaining sexual orientation _____ ___ mean explaining only diverse sexual orientations.
Does not
Is a statistic that tells us how much genetic differences explain observed differences in a given characteristic.
Heritability
Twin studies show that the heritability of same-gender sexual behavior is _____ in men and ___ in women.
35%
19%
Famous sex therapists of the 1960s, developed a 4 phase model of the human sex response cycle (a.k.a. human sexual response pattern).
Masters and Johnson
What are the 4 phases?
Excitement
Plateau
Orgasm
Resolution
This phase begins the process of sexual response, lasting from several minutes to several hours, depending on the activity involved. Blood vessels and increased blood flow in genital areas are characteristic of this phase.
Excitement
Replaced this first stage with desire. She found that if clients lacked desire, the stages Masters and Johnson would not be reached.
Helen Singer Kaplan
This phase is a continuation and heightening of the arousal begun in the excitement phase.
Plateau
The peak of sexual response. Besides release of bodily fluids, oxytocin is also released and plays a role in social bonding.
Orgasm
Blood vessels return to their normal state (or baseline). Males enter a refractory period during which they cannot have another orgasm whereas females may not.
Resolution
Is an object or activity that arouses sexual interest and desire.
Fetish
May become a type of paraphilia.
Fetishes
Include undergarments, boots, or shoes; sexual excitement merely from wearing garment.
Fetishes
(Who may be heterosexual or homosexual) gets pleasure from wearing clothing of the opposite sex.
Transvestic Fetish
One person (the sadistic person) gains sexual pleasure from dominating another person (the masochist), who in turn enjoys being dominated.
Sadomasochism
Paraphilic disorders involve:
-Sexual interest cause personal distress (beyond that simply resulting from societal disapproval)
-Sexual desires or behavior that involve another persons’ psychological distress, injury, or death.
-Desire for sexual behavior involving unwilling persons or those who cannot give legal consent.
Exposing one’s genitals to another person to gain sexual pleasure, usually almost always male.
Exhibitionism
Watching another person to gain sexual pleasure, almost always male.
Voyeurism
Is a psychological disorder in which an adult or an older adolescent sexually fantasizes about or engages in sexual behavior with individuals who have not reached puberty (prepubescent).
Pedophilic Disorder
Is associated with low self-esteem, poor social skills, low IQ, and a history of head injuries in childhood.
Pedophilia
Studies suggest that up to a quarter of men (25%) and nearly half of women (50%) report sometimes being troubled with a general lack of interest in sex.
Sexual Desire Disorders
Lack of sexual desire in both men and women can stem from low levels of
Androgen (male sex hormones), stress, anxiety and depression, physical illness, and various drugs used to treat psychological and physical conditions.
Treatments for lack of sexual desire include
Drug therapies, psychological therapies, and relationship counseling.
Two common sexual response disorders in men are:
Erectile Dysfunction
Premature Dysfunction
The failure of the penis to become erect
Erectile Dysfunction
The experience of orgasm before the person wishes it.
Premature Dysfunction
Erectile dysfunction was once thought to be primarily psychological, experts now agree that most cases involve a combination of _____________ and ___________ _______.
Psychological
Physical factors
Is the most common sexual complaint among men under the age of 40. Psychological, physical, and relationship factors can play a role in this.
Premature ejaculation
Dysfunction in ________ is explained by problems in the autonomic nervous system that disrupt the engorgement of the labia and lubrication of the vagina.
Arousal
Disorders of ________ _______ in women involve delayed or absent orgasm during sexual activity.
Sexual orgasm
Both of these types of disorders can be related to the experience of ____________ __________ _______, as well as to strict religious beliefs and negative sexual attitudes.
Childhood sexual abuse
These disorders mentioned above are ________ and _________.
Common
Normal
