Chapter 8 Flashcards
Cognitive economy
The economics of what is in peoples minds
Characterized by the use of data
Heuristics
Simple, effective rules, either learned or gained by evolution
Bias
Prejudice in favour of or against one thing, person, or group compared to another, usually in a way to be considered unfair
Representative heuristic
Mental shortcut that we use when making judgements about probability
Base rates
Frequency or likelihood of an event occurring without intervention
Base rate neglect
A cognitive error whereby too little weight is placed on the base or original rate of a probability
Availability heuristic
Occurs when we judge events likelihood on how easily we recall similar events
Hindsight bias
Psychological phenomenon that allows people to convince themselves after an event they accurately predicted it before it happened
Conformation bias
Tendency to search for, interpret, favour, and recall information in a way that supports ones prior belelfs
Bandwagon effect
The tendency of people to adopt certain behaviours, styles, or attitudes simply because everyone else is doing them
Top-down processing
Perceiving things based on your prior experiences and knowledge
Bottom-up processing
When the brain processes sensory information and uses clues to understand stimuli
Concepts
Verbal or written understanding of abstract thought
Schemas
Describes patterns of thinking and behaviour that people use to interpret the world
System one thinking
Near instantaneous process that happens automatically, intuitively, and with little effort
System two thinking
Slower and requires more effort
Algorithms
Step-by-step procedure is that provide the correct answer to a particular problem
Obstacles to problem solving
Mental sets, functional fixedness, unnecessary, constrains, and irrelevant information
The salience of surface similarities
Refers to how attention grabbing something is
Mental sets
The brains tendency to stick with the most familiar solution to a problem, and ignore alternatives
Functional fixedness
Bias that limits, a persons, ability to use an object in more ways than it is traditionally used
Language
Principal method of human communication, consisting of words, used in a structured and conventional way, and conveyed by speech, writing, and gestures
Generativity in language
The ability to produce sentences never before said, and I understand sentences never before heard
Arbitrary in language
language consists of speech sounds based on the social agreement or convention
Phonemes
Any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that is distinct from another
Morphemes
Smallest meaningful unit of language
Syntax
The arrangement of words and phrases to create well form sentences in a language
Extra linguistic information
Any knowledge one possesses that is outside the knowledge of the language
Babbling
Stage in childhood development and state of language acquisition, during which an infant appears to be experimenting with articulating sounds
Critical periods of development
Time in early, postnatal life when the development, and maturation of functional properties of the brain, or dependent on experiences or environmental influences
Sensitive period of development
A period when a child interests are focussed on developing a particular skill or knowledge area
How is sine language similar to spoken language
It has syntax, semantic, morphological, and phonological levels of analysis
Issues with teaching language to animals
Animals bodies are different from humans, and humans have a unique voice box that helps produce a wide range of sounds
Reading automaticity
The fast, effortless word, recognition that comes with a great deal of reading practice
The Stroop effect
The delay in reaction time between congruent and incongruent stimuli
Whole word, recognition
Teaches kids to read by site and relies upon memorization, via repeat exposure to the written form of the word paired with an image and audio
Phonetic decomposition
Reading strategy that involves sounding out words by drawing correspondences between printed letters and sounds
