Chapter 8

Question 1

Cognitive economy

Answer 1

The economics of what is in peoples minds
Characterized by the use of data

Question 2

Heuristics

Answer 2

Simple, effective rules, either learned or gained by evolution

Question 3

Bias

Answer 3

Prejudice in favour of or against one thing, person, or group compared to another, usually in a way to be considered unfair

Question 4

Representative heuristic

Answer 4

Mental shortcut that we use when making judgements about probability

Question 5

Base rates

Answer 5

Frequency or likelihood of an event occurring without intervention

Question 6

Base rate neglect

Answer 6

A cognitive error whereby too little weight is placed on the base or original rate of a probability

Question 7

Availability heuristic

Answer 7

Occurs when we judge events likelihood on how easily we recall similar events

Question 8

Hindsight bias

Answer 8

Psychological phenomenon that allows people to convince themselves after an event they accurately predicted it before it happened

Question 9

Conformation bias

Answer 9

Tendency to search for, interpret, favour, and recall information in a way that supports ones prior belelfs

Question 10

Bandwagon effect

Answer 10

The tendency of people to adopt certain behaviours, styles, or attitudes simply because everyone else is doing them

Question 11

Top-down processing

Answer 11

Perceiving things based on your prior experiences and knowledge

Question 12

Bottom-up processing

Answer 12

When the brain processes sensory information and uses clues to understand stimuli

Question 13

Concepts

Answer 13

Verbal or written understanding of abstract thought

Question 14

Schemas

Answer 14

Describes patterns of thinking and behaviour that people use to interpret the world

Question 15

System one thinking

Answer 15

Near instantaneous process that happens automatically, intuitively, and with little effort

Question 16

System two thinking

Answer 16

Slower and requires more effort

Question 17

Algorithms

Answer 17

Step-by-step procedure is that provide the correct answer to a particular problem

Question 18

Obstacles to problem solving

Answer 18

Mental sets, functional fixedness, unnecessary, constrains, and irrelevant information

Question 19

The salience of surface similarities

Answer 19

Refers to how attention grabbing something is

Question 20

Mental sets

Answer 20

The brains tendency to stick with the most familiar solution to a problem, and ignore alternatives

Question 21

Functional fixedness

Answer 21

Bias that limits, a persons, ability to use an object in more ways than it is traditionally used

Question 22

Language

Answer 22

Principal method of human communication, consisting of words, used in a structured and conventional way, and conveyed by speech, writing, and gestures

Question 23

Generativity in language

Answer 23

The ability to produce sentences never before said, and I understand sentences never before heard

Question 24

Arbitrary in language

Answer 24

language consists of speech sounds based on the social agreement or convention

Question 25

Phonemes

Answer 25

Any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that is distinct from another

Question 26

Morphemes

Answer 26

Smallest meaningful unit of language

Question 27

Syntax

Answer 27

The arrangement of words and phrases to create well form sentences in a language

Question 28

Extra linguistic information

Answer 28

Any knowledge one possesses that is outside the knowledge of the language

Question 29

Babbling

Answer 29

Stage in childhood development and state of language acquisition, during which an infant appears to be experimenting with articulating sounds

Question 30

Critical periods of development

Answer 30

Time in early, postnatal life when the development, and maturation of functional properties of the brain, or dependent on experiences or environmental influences

Question 31

Sensitive period of development

Answer 31

A period when a child interests are focussed on developing a particular skill or knowledge area

Question 32

How is sine language similar to spoken language

Answer 32

It has syntax, semantic, morphological, and phonological levels of analysis

Question 33

Issues with teaching language to animals

Answer 33

Animals bodies are different from humans, and humans have a unique voice box that helps produce a wide range of sounds

Question 34

Reading automaticity

Answer 34

The fast, effortless word, recognition that comes with a great deal of reading practice

Question 35

The Stroop effect

Answer 35

The delay in reaction time between congruent and incongruent stimuli

Question 36

Whole word, recognition

Answer 36

Teaches kids to read by site and relies upon memorization, via repeat exposure to the written form of the word paired with an image and audio

Question 37

Phonetic decomposition

Answer 37

Reading strategy that involves sounding out words by drawing correspondences between printed letters and sounds