Chapter 13

Question 1

Upward social comparison

Answer 1

When people compare themselves to someone, they perceive as superior

Question 2

Downward social comparison

Answer 2

When people compare themselves to someone, they perceive as inferior

Question 3

Social contagion

Answer 3

The spread of behaviors, attitudes, and affect through crowds, and other types of social activities from one number to another

Question 4

Mass hysteria

Answer 4

Refers to an apparently contagious disassociative phenomenon that takes place in large groups of people or institutions under conditions of anxiety

Question 5

Attributions

Answer 5

Term that deals with how an individual perceives the causes of every day experiences, as being either external or internal

Question 6

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 6

Tendency people have two over emphasize personal characteristics, and ignore situational factors in judging others behaviour

Question 7

Aschs conformity

Answer 7

Considered a group of vision tests, were participants, were found to be more likely to conform to wrong answers, if first given by other participants

Question 8

Deindividuation

Answer 8

The tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behaviour when they are stripped of their usual identities

Question 9

Groupthink

Answer 9

An emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking

Question 10

Inoculation effect

Answer 10

Explain how an attitude or belief can be made resistant to persuasion or influence

Question 11

Bystander nonintervention

Answer 11

If it is determined that others are not reacting to the situation, bystanders will interpret the situation as a non-emergency, and will not Intervine

Question 12

Pluralistic, ignorance

Answer 12

Occurs when an individual members of a group, believe that others in that group old, comparatively more or less extreme attitudes, beliefs, or behaviours

Question 13

Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 13

Phenomenon where buy a person is less likely to take responsibility for an action or in action when bystanders were present

Question 14

Social loafing

Answer 14

The phenomenon of a person exerting less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group, then when working alone

Question 15

Altruism

Answer 15

And unselfish behaviour that provides benefits to others at some cost to the individual

Question 16

Enlightenment affect

Answer 16

The theory that you cannot accumulate knowledge about cultural life because studying it and discussing, it will change social behaviour

Question 17

Aggression

Answer 17

Behaviour that is intended to harm another individual that does not wish to be harmed

Question 18

Attitude

Answer 18

The result of the combination of value and belief

Question 19

Beliefs

Answer 19

Ideas considered true without facts, and can be spiritual, morals, political, social, etc.

Question 20

Cognitive dissonance

Answer 20

Mental conflict occurs when your beliefs don’t line up with your actions

Question 21

Self perception theory

Answer 21

Attitude formation developed by Daryl bem
Asserts that people develop their attitudes by observing their own behaviour in concluding what attitudes must have caused it

Question 22

Impression management theory

Answer 22

States that the sum of the total actions we take both consciously and unconsciously, to influence how others perceive us

Question 23

The central route to persuasion

Answer 23

Occurs when a person is persuaded by the contents of the message

Question 24

Peripheral route to persuasion

Answer 24

Indirect rule that uses the peripheral system
Cues to associate positivity with the message
Relies on the association with positive characteristics, such as positive emotions

Question 25

Persuasion techniques

Answer 25

Psychological tools that people use influence, other peoples opinions and actions

Question 26

Foot in the door

Answer 26

Compliance, tactic that aims are getting a person to agree to a large request by having them come to a modest request at first

Question 27

Door in the face

Answer 27

Compliance method that ain’t I getting a person to agree to a modest request by having them to disagree to a larger request first

Question 28

Lowball

Answer 28

Persuasion tactic, in which an item is initially offered at a lower price than one expects to get the buyer to commit, and then the price is suddenly increased

Question 29

Prejudice

Answer 29

Bias which devalues people, because of their perceived membership of a social group

Question 30

Stereotype

Answer 30

A belief, positive or negative, about the characteristics of members of a group that is applied generally to most of the members

Question 31

Discrimination

Answer 31

Negative behaviour toward members of an outgroup

Question 32

Ultimate attribution error

Answer 32

Assumption the behaviours among individual members of a group are due to their internal dispositions

Question 33

Illusory correlation

Answer 33

The tendency to perceive a relationship of covariation between infrequent behaviours or treats, and infrequent classes of people where none exist

Question 34

In group biases

Answer 34

Tendency to favour individuals within our group over those from outside our group

Question 35

Outgroup homogeneity

Answer 35

Tendency to view all individuals outside our group is highly similar

Question 36

Scapegoat hypothesis

Answer 36

Claim that prejudice arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes

Question 37

Just world hypothesis

Answer 37

Claim that our attributions and behaviours are shaped by deep-seated assumption that the world is fair, and all things happen for a reason

Question 38

Explicit prejudices

Answer 38

Unfound negative belief of which we are aware regarding the characteristics of an outgroup

Question 39

Implicit prejudices

Answer 39

Unfound negative belief of which we are unaware regarding the characteristics of an outgroup

Question 40

Combatting prejudice

Answer 40

Educational strategies to enhance knowledge and appreciation of other groups

Question 41

Robbers cave study

Answer 41

Hostility can arise between two groups in conflict and competition for scarce resources

Question 42

Jigsaw classroom

Answer 42

Educational approach designed to minimize prejudice by requiring all children to make independent contributions to a shared project