Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Upward social comparison

A

When people compare themselves to someone, they perceive as superior

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2
Q

Downward social comparison

A

When people compare themselves to someone, they perceive as inferior

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3
Q

Social contagion

A

The spread of behaviors, attitudes, and affect through crowds, and other types of social activities from one number to another

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4
Q

Mass hysteria

A

Refers to an apparently contagious disassociative phenomenon that takes place in large groups of people or institutions under conditions of anxiety

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5
Q

Attributions

A

Term that deals with how an individual perceives the causes of every day experiences, as being either external or internal

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6
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

Tendency people have two over emphasize personal characteristics, and ignore situational factors in judging others behaviour

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7
Q

Aschs conformity

A

Considered a group of vision tests, were participants, were found to be more likely to conform to wrong answers, if first given by other participants

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8
Q

Deindividuation

A

The tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behaviour when they are stripped of their usual identities

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9
Q

Groupthink

A

An emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking

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10
Q

Inoculation effect

A

Explain how an attitude or belief can be made resistant to persuasion or influence

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11
Q

Bystander nonintervention

A

If it is determined that others are not reacting to the situation, bystanders will interpret the situation as a non-emergency, and will not Intervine

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12
Q

Pluralistic, ignorance

A

Occurs when an individual members of a group, believe that others in that group old, comparatively more or less extreme attitudes, beliefs, or behaviours

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13
Q

Diffusion of responsibility

A

Phenomenon where buy a person is less likely to take responsibility for an action or in action when bystanders were present

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14
Q

Social loafing

A

The phenomenon of a person exerting less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group, then when working alone

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15
Q

Altruism

A

And unselfish behaviour that provides benefits to others at some cost to the individual

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16
Q

Enlightenment affect

A

The theory that you cannot accumulate knowledge about cultural life because studying it and discussing, it will change social behaviour

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17
Q

Aggression

A

Behaviour that is intended to harm another individual that does not wish to be harmed

18
Q

Attitude

A

The result of the combination of value and belief

19
Q

Beliefs

A

Ideas considered true without facts, and can be spiritual, morals, political, social, etc.

20
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

Mental conflict occurs when your beliefs don’t line up with your actions

21
Q

Self perception theory

A

Attitude formation developed by Daryl bem
Asserts that people develop their attitudes by observing their own behaviour in concluding what attitudes must have caused it

22
Q

Impression management theory

A

States that the sum of the total actions we take both consciously and unconsciously, to influence how others perceive us

23
Q

The central route to persuasion

A

Occurs when a person is persuaded by the contents of the message

24
Q

Peripheral route to persuasion

A

Indirect rule that uses the peripheral system
Cues to associate positivity with the message
Relies on the association with positive characteristics, such as positive emotions

25
Q

Persuasion techniques

A

Psychological tools that people use influence, other peoples opinions and actions

26
Q

Foot in the door

A

Compliance, tactic that aims are getting a person to agree to a large request by having them come to a modest request at first

27
Q

Door in the face

A

Compliance method that ain’t I getting a person to agree to a modest request by having them to disagree to a larger request first

28
Q

Lowball

A

Persuasion tactic, in which an item is initially offered at a lower price than one expects to get the buyer to commit, and then the price is suddenly increased

29
Q

Prejudice

A

Bias which devalues people, because of their perceived membership of a social group

30
Q

Stereotype

A

A belief, positive or negative, about the characteristics of members of a group that is applied generally to most of the members

31
Q

Discrimination

A

Negative behaviour toward members of an outgroup

32
Q

Ultimate attribution error

A

Assumption the behaviours among individual members of a group are due to their internal dispositions

33
Q

Illusory correlation

A

The tendency to perceive a relationship of covariation between infrequent behaviours or treats, and infrequent classes of people where none exist

34
Q

In group biases

A

Tendency to favour individuals within our group over those from outside our group

35
Q

Outgroup homogeneity

A

Tendency to view all individuals outside our group is highly similar

36
Q

Scapegoat hypothesis

A

Claim that prejudice arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes

37
Q

Just world hypothesis

A

Claim that our attributions and behaviours are shaped by deep-seated assumption that the world is fair, and all things happen for a reason

38
Q

Explicit prejudices

A

Unfound negative belief of which we are aware regarding the characteristics of an outgroup

39
Q

Implicit prejudices

A

Unfound negative belief of which we are unaware regarding the characteristics of an outgroup

40
Q

Combatting prejudice

A

Educational strategies to enhance knowledge and appreciation of other groups

41
Q

Robbers cave study

A

Hostility can arise between two groups in conflict and competition for scarce resources

42
Q

Jigsaw classroom

A

Educational approach designed to minimize prejudice by requiring all children to make independent contributions to a shared project