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Psyc 105 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Post hoc fallacy

A

Logical fallacy in which one event seems to be the cause of a litre event because it occurred earlier

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2
Q

Bidirectional influences

A

Emotional experiences, situational, information, and real world knowledge combine to inform observers judgements of both the emotional expressions and the situation

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3
Q

Cohort effect

A

Variations overtime, and one or more Characteristics, among groups of individuals, defined by some shared experience, such as a year or decade of birth years of a specific exposure

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4
Q

Cross-sectional design

A

Research that involves different groups of people who did not share the same variable of interest

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5
Q

Longitudinal design

A

Researchers repeatedly examine the same individuals to detect any changes that may occur over a long period

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6
Q

Gene environment interactions

A

The interplay of genes, and the physical and social environment

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7
Q

Nurture via nature

A

Describe the importance of both nature and nurture in the survival of living systems

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8
Q

Zygote

A

The union of a sperm and egg cell

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9
Q

Blastocyst

A

A cluster of dividing cells made by a fertilized egg

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10
Q

Embryo

A

The early developmental stage of an animal, while it is in the egg or within the uterus of the mother

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11
Q

Fetus

A

An off spring of a human or other mammal in the stages of prenatal development to follow the embryo stage

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12
Q

Teratogens

A

A substance that can cause, abnormalities or birth defects in a developing fetus

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13
Q

Rooting reflex

A

Involuntary muscle response to stimulation of the babies mouth

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14
Q

Menarche

A

The first on coming of menstruation

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15
Q

Spermarche

A

The time at which a male encounters his first ejaculation

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16
Q

Stage like changes

A

Infancy, toddler hood, preschool years, early school years, adolescence

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17
Q

Infancy stage

A

Trust versus mistrust

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18
Q

Toddler hood

A

Autonomy versus shame and doubt

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19
Q

Preschool years

A

Initiative versus guilt

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20
Q

Early school years

A

Industry versus inferiority

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21
Q

Continuous changes

A

Emphasizes the development and changes in individuals occur gradually

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22
Q

Domain general development

A

Suggests that humans are born with mechanisms in the brain that exist support and guide learning on a broad level

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23
Q

Domain specific development

A

Suggests that we have many different, independent specialized knowledge structures, rather than just one

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24
Q

Assimilation

A

Children makes sense of the world by applying what they already know

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25
Q

Accommodation

A

What occurs when new information or experiences cause you to alter your existing schema

26
Q

Piaget stages

A

A level of moral development in action that proceeds heteronomous and autonomous meaning

27
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

Takes place within the first two years of life
Children are discovering the difference between themselves and their environments

28
Q

Object permanence

A

Understanding that items and people still exist even when you can’t see or hear them

29
Q

Mental representation

A

Objects structures in the mind with semantic properties, containing information that allow us to make sense of an understand stimuli

30
Q

Preoperational stage

A

Toddler to seven
Young children can think about things, symbolically, language becomes more mature, understand the difference between past and future

31
Q

Egocentrism

A

A child has difficulty understanding life from any other perspective than their own

32
Q

Concrete operations

A

Ages 7 to 11
Children have a great understanding of knowledge, logic, reversibility, and conservation ism

33
Q

Conservation

A

A logical, thinking ability, meaning that knowing that a quantity does not change, if it’s being altered

34
Q

Formal operations

A

Characterized by the ability to formulate hypotheses, systematically test them, and arrive at an answer to a problem

35
Q

Mental operations

A

The ability to accurately imagine the consequences of something without it, needing to happen

36
Q

Scaffolding

A

A process that enables a child to solve a problem, carry out a task, or achieve a goal that would be beyond his unassisted efforts

37
Q

Zone of proximal development

A

Represents the space between with a learners capable of doing unsupported, and what the learner cannot do even with support

38
Q

Theory of mind

A

Refers to the capacity to understand other people buy ascribing mental states to them

39
Q

Temperament

A

An aspect of personality concerned with the emotional dispositions and reactions and their speed an intensity

40
Q

Easy temperament

A

Children that tend to be easy-going, calm, and adaptive , and have regular eating and sleeping habits

41
Q

Difficult temperament

A

Children who are characterized by negative mood, withdrawal, low adaptability, high intensity, and low regularity

42
Q

Slow to warm up

A

Uneasy, or cautious in a new situation or unfamiliar people

43
Q

Behavioural inhibition

A

Temperament or personality styles that rely on the tendency to feel distressed or fear, and withdraw, when faced with novel, environments, situation, or people

44
Q

The strange situation

A

Laboratory procedures that test so babies or young children, respond to the temporary absence of their mothers

45
Q

Attachment styles

A

Specific patterns of behaviour in and around relationships

46
Q

Secure attachment

A

A form of attachment were a child, feels comforted by the presence of their caregivers
Children feel protected, and that they have someone to rely on

47
Q

Insecure attachment

A

An individual relationship can be insecure when it contains elements of mistrust together with anxious or avoiding elements and lacks a secure base

48
Q

Insecure avoidant attachment

A

Children appear to manage their distress and do not strongly signalled a need for comfort.

49
Q

Insecure, anxious attachment

A

Rooted in fear of abandonment and insecurity about being under appreciated

50
Q

Disorganized

A

Children are more vulnerable to stress and find it difficult to regulate positive and negative emotions

51
Q

Parenting styles

A

Pattern of behaviour that a parent uses when interacting with, and raising their child

52
Q

Permissive parenting style

A

Child, driven, rarely gives enforcement or rules, overindulge his child to avoid conflict

53
Q

Authoritarian parenting style

A

Parent driven, set, strict rules and punishment, one-way communication, little communication of the child’s social, emotional and behavioural needs

54
Q

Authoritative, parenting style

A

Solves problems together with a child sets clear rules and expectations, open communication and natural consequences

55
Q

Uninvolved parenting style

A

Provided a little nurturance or guidance, and difference of a child’s social, emotional and behavioural needs

56
Q

Transgender experience

A

Transgender people are more vulnerable to symptoms of depression and anxiety due to the social stress endure

57
Q

Ericksons idea of psychological crisis

A

An existential challenge, that people experience several times throughout their lives, and such experiences will influence peoples personality and identity development

58
Q

Kohlbergs levels of morality

A

Theory asserting that individuals progress through three stages of moral reasoning from infancy to early adulthood

59
Q

Preconventional

A

Earliest period of moral development, marked by a focus on punishment and reward

60
Q

Conventional

A

Marked by a focus on societal values, what society disapproves and approves of

61
Q

Post conventional

A

Marked by a focus on internal moral principles that transcend society

Psyc 105 (8 decks)

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