Chapter 10 Flashcards
Post hoc fallacy
Logical fallacy in which one event seems to be the cause of a litre event because it occurred earlier
Bidirectional influences
Emotional experiences, situational, information, and real world knowledge combine to inform observers judgements of both the emotional expressions and the situation
Cohort effect
Variations overtime, and one or more Characteristics, among groups of individuals, defined by some shared experience, such as a year or decade of birth years of a specific exposure
Cross-sectional design
Research that involves different groups of people who did not share the same variable of interest
Longitudinal design
Researchers repeatedly examine the same individuals to detect any changes that may occur over a long period
Gene environment interactions
The interplay of genes, and the physical and social environment
Nurture via nature
Describe the importance of both nature and nurture in the survival of living systems
Zygote
The union of a sperm and egg cell
Blastocyst
A cluster of dividing cells made by a fertilized egg
Embryo
The early developmental stage of an animal, while it is in the egg or within the uterus of the mother
Fetus
An off spring of a human or other mammal in the stages of prenatal development to follow the embryo stage
Teratogens
A substance that can cause, abnormalities or birth defects in a developing fetus
Rooting reflex
Involuntary muscle response to stimulation of the babies mouth
Menarche
The first on coming of menstruation
Spermarche
The time at which a male encounters his first ejaculation
Stage like changes
Infancy, toddler hood, preschool years, early school years, adolescence
Infancy stage
Trust versus mistrust
Toddler hood
Autonomy versus shame and doubt
Preschool years
Initiative versus guilt
Early school years
Industry versus inferiority
Continuous changes
Emphasizes the development and changes in individuals occur gradually
Domain general development
Suggests that humans are born with mechanisms in the brain that exist support and guide learning on a broad level
Domain specific development
Suggests that we have many different, independent specialized knowledge structures, rather than just one
Assimilation
Children makes sense of the world by applying what they already know
Accommodation
What occurs when new information or experiences cause you to alter your existing schema
Piaget stages
A level of moral development in action that proceeds heteronomous and autonomous meaning
Sensorimotor stage
Takes place within the first two years of life
Children are discovering the difference between themselves and their environments
Object permanence
Understanding that items and people still exist even when you can’t see or hear them
Mental representation
Objects structures in the mind with semantic properties, containing information that allow us to make sense of an understand stimuli
Preoperational stage
Toddler to seven
Young children can think about things, symbolically, language becomes more mature, understand the difference between past and future
Egocentrism
A child has difficulty understanding life from any other perspective than their own
Concrete operations
Ages 7 to 11
Children have a great understanding of knowledge, logic, reversibility, and conservation ism
Conservation
A logical, thinking ability, meaning that knowing that a quantity does not change, if it’s being altered
Formal operations
Characterized by the ability to formulate hypotheses, systematically test them, and arrive at an answer to a problem
Mental operations
The ability to accurately imagine the consequences of something without it, needing to happen
Scaffolding
A process that enables a child to solve a problem, carry out a task, or achieve a goal that would be beyond his unassisted efforts
Zone of proximal development
Represents the space between with a learners capable of doing unsupported, and what the learner cannot do even with support
Theory of mind
Refers to the capacity to understand other people buy ascribing mental states to them
Temperament
An aspect of personality concerned with the emotional dispositions and reactions and their speed an intensity
Easy temperament
Children that tend to be easy-going, calm, and adaptive , and have regular eating and sleeping habits
Difficult temperament
Children who are characterized by negative mood, withdrawal, low adaptability, high intensity, and low regularity
Slow to warm up
Uneasy, or cautious in a new situation or unfamiliar people
Behavioural inhibition
Temperament or personality styles that rely on the tendency to feel distressed or fear, and withdraw, when faced with novel, environments, situation, or people
The strange situation
Laboratory procedures that test so babies or young children, respond to the temporary absence of their mothers
Attachment styles
Specific patterns of behaviour in and around relationships
Secure attachment
A form of attachment were a child, feels comforted by the presence of their caregivers
Children feel protected, and that they have someone to rely on
Insecure attachment
An individual relationship can be insecure when it contains elements of mistrust together with anxious or avoiding elements and lacks a secure base
Insecure avoidant attachment
Children appear to manage their distress and do not strongly signalled a need for comfort.
Insecure, anxious attachment
Rooted in fear of abandonment and insecurity about being under appreciated
Disorganized
Children are more vulnerable to stress and find it difficult to regulate positive and negative emotions
Parenting styles
Pattern of behaviour that a parent uses when interacting with, and raising their child
Permissive parenting style
Child, driven, rarely gives enforcement or rules, overindulge his child to avoid conflict
Authoritarian parenting style
Parent driven, set, strict rules and punishment, one-way communication, little communication of the child’s social, emotional and behavioural needs
Authoritative, parenting style
Solves problems together with a child sets clear rules and expectations, open communication and natural consequences
Uninvolved parenting style
Provided a little nurturance or guidance, and difference of a child’s social, emotional and behavioural needs
Transgender experience
Transgender people are more vulnerable to symptoms of depression and anxiety due to the social stress endure
Ericksons idea of psychological crisis
An existential challenge, that people experience several times throughout their lives, and such experiences will influence peoples personality and identity development
Kohlbergs levels of morality
Theory asserting that individuals progress through three stages of moral reasoning from infancy to early adulthood
Preconventional
Earliest period of moral development, marked by a focus on punishment and reward
Conventional
Marked by a focus on societal values, what society disapproves and approves of
Post conventional
Marked by a focus on internal moral principles that transcend society
