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Biology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Respond to physical (mechanical) forces

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2
Q

Meissners corpuscle

A

Found in upper portion of dermis, detects light touch.

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3
Q

Pacinian receptor

A

Found in deeper dermis and hypodermic, detect pressure.

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4
Q

Ruffini

A

Type of mechanoreceptor, found in dermis and detect stretch

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5
Q

Krause end bulb

A

A type of mechanoreceptor, detects cold temperatures

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6
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Monitor tension in muscle fibers.

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7
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

Monitor stretch in tendons.

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8
Q

Hearing

A

Detect sound waves in cochlea.

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9
Q

Balance

A

Detect movement of fluids in the inner ear.

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10
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Respond to temperature (cool and warm).

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11
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Respond to chemicals dissolved in solutions. Ex: tastebuds

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12
Q

Olfactory

A

Receptors in Nasal cavity

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13
Q

Nociceptors

A

Found all over body except brain.

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14
Q

Gustation

A

Taste

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15
Q

Adaption

A

Occurs when receptors are exposed to continuous stimulus.

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16
Q

Smell..

A

Adapts quickly

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17
Q

Pain receptors…

A

Do not adapt.

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18
Q

Bitter taste

A

Stimulated by many organic molecules.

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19
Q

Sour taste

A

Stimulated by acids.

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20
Q

Salty taste

A

Stimulated by salts.

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21
Q

Sweet taste

A

Stimulated by carbs

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22
Q

Unami taste (meat)

A

Triggered by MSG

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23
Q

Spicy foods activate…?

A

Pain receptors

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24
Q

We have how many taste buds?

A

10,000

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25
Q

Vallate papilla

A

12 of these along back of tongue. Each had 100-300 taste buds.

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26
Q

Fungiform papilla

A

Entire surface of tongue, 5 taste buds each.

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27
Q

Foliate papilla

A

Along side of your tongue, sensitive when young.

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28
Q

Filiforme papilla

A

Contain tactile receptors, no taste buds.

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29
Q

Olfaction has how many receptors?

A

1,000 different odorant, can distinguish 10,000 sensations.

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30
Q

How does olfaction work?

A

Sends signals to olfactory bulb, to olfactory Tracy, to cerebrum.

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31
Q

Smell can trigger…?

A

Memories and emotions

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32
Q

Outer ear

A

Auricle, external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane

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33
Q

Middle ear

A

3 small bones (ossicles), pharyngotympanic tube

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34
Q

Inner ear

A

Vestibule, semicircular ducts, cochlea.

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35
Q

Auricle

A

Visible portion of ear, directs sound waves.

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36
Q

External acoustic meatus

A

Carries sound from outside to tympanic membrane

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37
Q

Cereminus

A

Produces ear wax

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38
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Eardrum, vibrates as sound waves enter ear.

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39
Q

Ossicles

A

Small bones

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40
Q

Malleus

A

1/3 ossicles; “hammer”

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41
Q

Incus

A

2/3 ossicles, anvil

42
Q

Stapes

A

3/3 ossicle, “stirrup”. Bangs on oval window (structure separates middle and inner ear.

43
Q

Pharyngotympanic tube

A

Connects tympanic activity with throat
Allows pressure to equalize on both sides of tympanic membrane
(Opens and closes valve)

44
Q

Vestibule and semicircular ducts

A

Important in equilibrium

45
Q

Cochlea

A

Spiral shaped organ
Middle ear bone

46
Q

Vibrations

A

Different pitches have different vibrations

47
Q

Pitches

A

Vibrate mechanoreceptor in different regions of cochlea causes this

48
Q

0 dB

A

Human threshold

49
Q

30 dB

50
Q

50 dB

A

Normal conversation

51
Q

90 dB

A

OSHA protection standards

52
Q

100 dB

53
Q

115 dB

54
Q

120 dB

A

Rock concert

55
Q

140 dB

A

Jet engine (painful)

56
Q

180 dB

A

Rocket engine

57
Q

1st step of path of sound

A

Sound waves gathered by Auricle

58
Q

2nd step of path of sound

A

Travel down external acoustic meatus

59
Q

3rd step of path of sound

A

Vibrate tympanic membrane

60
Q

4th step of path of sound

A

Amplified by ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)

61
Q

5th step of path of sound

A

Stapes bangs against oval window

62
Q

6th step of path of sound

A

Moves fluid in cochlea of inner ear

63
Q

7th step of path of sound

A

Mechanoreceptors bend

64
Q

8th step of path of sound

A

Sending signal to brain along vestibulocochlear nerve

65
Q

9th step of path of sound

A

Interpreted in temporal lobe of cerebrum

66
Q

Vestibule and semicircular ducts

A

Equilibrium sensory receptors are located here

67
Q

Static equilibrium

A

Knowing position of head when not moving

68
Q

Dynamic equallibrium

A

Knowing position of head when moving

69
Q

Semicircular ducts

A

Oriented in 3 different directions

70
Q

Anterior

A

Shaking head yes triggers what?

71
Q

Lateral

A

Shaking head no triggers what)

72
Q

Posterior

A

Tilting head from shoulder to shoulder triggers this

73
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Lines eyelids, produces mucus to lubricate the eye

74
Q

Lacrimal gland

A

Produces tears

75
Q

Anterior cavity

A

Extends from cornea to lens

76
Q

Cornea

A

Clear structure, forms anterior surface of eye. Bulges outward to help focus

77
Q

Aqueous humor

A

Anterior cavity is filled with this

78
Q

Posterior cavity

A

Extends from lens to retina (on back surface of the eye)
Filled with vitreous humor, helps hold retina against back eye

79
Q

Sclera

A

White potion of eye
Covers entire eye except cornea

80
Q

Choroid

A

Located inside of sclera
Provides blood to the retnia

81
Q

Iris

A

Colored portion of the green eye
Controls how much light enters through pupil

82
Q

Lens

A

Biconvex (2 bulging surfaces)
Thickness can be adjusted to focus light for seeing things that are near or far.

83
Q

Cilliary muscle

A

Holds lens in place

84
Q

Cataracts

A

Cloudy appearance to lens

85
Q

Retnia

A

Along back of eye, has photoreceptors

86
Q

Optic disc

A

Sheee optic nerve and blood vessels leaves eye

87
Q

Fovea centralis

A

Indentation in back of retnia where dense cluster of photoreceptors
Produces sharp color vision

88
Q

Mascullar degeneration

A

Loss of vision due to damage to the retnia

89
Q

Refraction

A

Bending of light

90
Q

Accommodation (sight)

A

Near point gets further out as you she. Pupils will constrict to view close objects

91
Q

Binocular vision

A

Images can be seen with both eyes
Results from formation of two different retinal images

92
Q

Peripheral vision

A

Vision outside of direct center
Loss results in tunnel vision

93
Q

Emmetropic eye

A

Normal eye

94
Q

Mytopia

A

Near sighted (able to focus on near but not distant objects)

95
Q

Hypermetropia

A

Far sighted

96
Q

Rods

A

Produces black and white images
Fuzzy
Good in low light

97
Q

Cones

A

Produces color images
Red, green, blue
Sharp images
Requires bright light

98
Q

Rhondopsin

A

Derivative of vitamin A used in rods

99
Q

Color blindness

A

Inability to distinguish the full range of colored
Caused by deficient numbers of cones.

100
Q

Red green

A

This is the most common color blindness

Biology (8 decks)

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