Chapter 15 Flashcards
Bronchial tree
Branched airways leafing from trachea to air sacs of lungs
Bronchi
Largest passageways
Left and right main bronchus lead from trachea
Left branches into 2 and right branches into 3 lobar bronchi
Bronchioles
Smaller branches of the segmental bronchi
Intralobular terminal and respiratory bronchioles
Lead to aveoli
Thin walled microscopic air sacs
Respiratory bronchioles end in alveolar sac that is lined with alveoli
Lungs
Organs where gas diffusion takes place
Left lung
Smaller 2 lobes superior and inferior lobes
Has indentation for heart
Right lung
Larger 3 lobes superior middle inferior lobes
Larynx
Voice box 
Sinuses
Small cavities lined with mucous membranes
Frontal, sphenoid, maxilla, ethmoid bones
Lower weight of skull
Pharynx
Throat; Carrie’s air to respiratory tract and food to digestive system
Nasopharnyx
Superior portion behind nasal cavity
Oropharnyx
Middle portion posterior to mouth
Laryngeal pharynx
Inferior portion opens into larynx and esophagus
Nostrils
Take in air
Nasal cavities
Lined with mucous membranes
Filters foreign bodies warms air moistens air
Hard palate
Separates nasal and oral cavities
Soft palate
Muscular arch and uvula
Nasal concha
3 projections that increase surface area of mucous membrane
Superior concha, middle concha, inferior concha
Ventilation
Air entering and leaving kings
Mucus membranes also help filter air
Pulmonary gas exchange
Takes place in alveoli of lungs
Exchange of gases between air in lungs and blood capillaries around alveoli
Oxygen moves from air into blood
Carbon dioxide out of blood into air of lungs
Systematic gas exchange
Exchange of gas from blood to body cells
Oxygen from blood to body tissue
Carbon dioxide from body tissues of blood
Aerobic metabolism
Use of oxygen in breaking down nutrients (sugar) to produce lots of ATP, produces carbon dioxide as waste product
Anaerobic metabolism
Cells break down nutrients (sugar) without oxygen produces less ATP
Diaphragm
Large muscle
Separates thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Contracts and moves downward
Intercostals
Smaller muscles between ribs
Can elevate and depress rib cage to expand and depress thoracic cavity
External intercostals
Expand chest cavity and elevate ribs
Internal intercostals
Depress rib cage
Abdominal muscles
Used in forced exhalation
Contract, push organs upwards, decrease thoracic cavity dimensions air leaves lungs
Inhalation
Drawing air into lungs
Diaphragm contracts and moves downwards
External intercostal muscles contract elevate and expand rib cage
Volume of lung increases
Compliance east at which lungs expand
Exhalation
Expulsion of air from lungs
Aided by elastic recoil of lung tissue
Emphysema
Loss of elasticity of lung tissue
Small airways collapse during exhalation impedes airflow and traps air in the lungs
Surface tension
Moisture doesn’t cause surface tension
Alveoli doesn’t want to expand
Lung surfactant
Produced by cells in alveoli reduces surface tension
Residual volume
Some air always remains in lungs reduces risk of alveoli collapse
Respiratory distress syndrome
Premature Infanrs now given synthetic surfactant
Moving the plunger of a syringe causes air to move in or out
If increase volume pressure decreases air goes in
If decrease volume pressure increases air goes out
Air moving in and out of the lungs occurs in similar way
Changing volume changing pressure and moves air
Lungs are at rest the pressure on the inside of the lungs is equal to the pressure on the outside of the thorax
Respiratory muscles contract
Diaphragm moves down into abdominal cavity
Hyperna
Increased breathing is required to meet demand as during and following exercise or when the body lacks oxygen
Hyperventilation
Breathing faster or deeper than necessary
Hypoventilation
Breathing slower than needed holding your breath
Residual volume
Volume that remains in lungs at all times
Tidal volume
Volume of air moved in or out during a normal breath
Inspiratory reserve volume
Volume that can be inhaled during forced breathing in addition to tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Volume that can be exhaled during forced breathing in addition to tidal volume
Vital capacity
The maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible
Central chemoreceptors
Located near medullary respiratory center
Respond to raised co2 level or low increase breathing
Breathing patterns
Measured in breathe per minute
Adults 12 to 20
Children 20 to 40
Infants more than 40
External exchange
Gasses move between alveoli and capillary blood
Internal exchange
Gassed move between blood and tissues
Oxygen in lungs
Inhaled air is around 21% oxygen
Oxygen is less concentrated in blood
Oxygen will move from inhaled to blood
Oxygen at body cells
Body cells are low in oxygen compared to blood
Oxygen will move from blood to cells
Carbon dioxide in lungs
Inhaled air is around .04% of co2
Blood has more CO2
Carbon dioxide will move from blood to air
At body cells gas exchange
Cells have high co2
Blood has less co2
Carbon dioxide will move from cells to blood
Transport of oxygen
Most oxygen in capillary blood binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells
Each hemoglobin can carry 4 oxygen molecules
Transport of oxygen pt2
Hemoglobin will release oxygen wherever
Oxygen concentrations are low
Carbon dioxide concentration are high ph of blood is low
Temperatures are high
Carbon monoxide
Binds to same place of hemoglobin as oxygen
Hemoglobin can’t release carbon monoxide as easily
Carbon dioxide travels in 3 ways
10% dissolved in plasma and fluid in red blood cells
20% combined with protein of hemoglobin and plasma protein
70% dissolved in blood fluid and is converted to bicarbonate ion
Hypercapnia
Too much carbon dioxide in the blood
Hypocapnia
Too little carbon dioxide in the blood usually results from rapid breathing
Hypoxia
Lower than normal oxygen
Hypoxia drive
Body uses oxygen chemoreceptors instead of co2
Occurs when body has sustained high co2 result of emphysema or other conditions
