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Biology > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bronchial tree

A

Branched airways leafing from trachea to air sacs of lungs

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2
Q

Bronchi

A

Largest passageways
Left and right main bronchus lead from trachea
Left branches into 2 and right branches into 3 lobar bronchi

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3
Q

Bronchioles

A

Smaller branches of the segmental bronchi
Intralobular terminal and respiratory bronchioles

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4
Q

Lead to aveoli

A

Thin walled microscopic air sacs
Respiratory bronchioles end in alveolar sac that is lined with alveoli

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5
Q

Lungs

A

Organs where gas diffusion takes place

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6
Q

Left lung

A

Smaller 2 lobes superior and inferior lobes
Has indentation for heart

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7
Q

Right lung

A

Larger 3 lobes superior middle inferior lobes

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8
Q

Larynx

A

Voice box 

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9
Q

Sinuses

A

Small cavities lined with mucous membranes
Frontal, sphenoid, maxilla, ethmoid bones
Lower weight of skull

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10
Q

Pharynx

A

Throat; Carrie’s air to respiratory tract and food to digestive system

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11
Q

Nasopharnyx

A

Superior portion behind nasal cavity

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12
Q

Oropharnyx

A

Middle portion posterior to mouth

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13
Q

Laryngeal pharynx

A

Inferior portion opens into larynx and esophagus

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14
Q

Nostrils

A

Take in air

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15
Q

Nasal cavities

A

Lined with mucous membranes
Filters foreign bodies warms air moistens air

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16
Q

Hard palate

A

Separates nasal and oral cavities

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17
Q

Soft palate

A

Muscular arch and uvula

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18
Q

Nasal concha

A

3 projections that increase surface area of mucous membrane

Superior concha, middle concha, inferior concha

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19
Q

Ventilation

A

Air entering and leaving kings
Mucus membranes also help filter air

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20
Q

Pulmonary gas exchange

A

Takes place in alveoli of lungs
Exchange of gases between air in lungs and blood capillaries around alveoli
Oxygen moves from air into blood
Carbon dioxide out of blood into air of lungs

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21
Q

Systematic gas exchange

A

Exchange of gas from blood to body cells
Oxygen from blood to body tissue
Carbon dioxide from body tissues of blood

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22
Q

Aerobic metabolism

A

Use of oxygen in breaking down nutrients (sugar) to produce lots of ATP, produces carbon dioxide as waste product

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23
Q

Anaerobic metabolism

A

Cells break down nutrients (sugar) without oxygen produces less ATP

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24
Q

Diaphragm

A

Large muscle
Separates thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Contracts and moves downward

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25
Q

Intercostals

A

Smaller muscles between ribs
Can elevate and depress rib cage to expand and depress thoracic cavity

26
Q

External intercostals

A

Expand chest cavity and elevate ribs

27
Q

Internal intercostals

A

Depress rib cage

28
Q

Abdominal muscles

A

Used in forced exhalation
Contract, push organs upwards, decrease thoracic cavity dimensions air leaves lungs

29
Q

Inhalation

A

Drawing air into lungs
Diaphragm contracts and moves downwards
External intercostal muscles contract elevate and expand rib cage
Volume of lung increases
Compliance east at which lungs expand

30
Q

Exhalation

A

Expulsion of air from lungs
Aided by elastic recoil of lung tissue

31
Q

Emphysema

A

Loss of elasticity of lung tissue
Small airways collapse during exhalation impedes airflow and traps air in the lungs

32
Q

Surface tension

A

Moisture doesn’t cause surface tension
Alveoli doesn’t want to expand

33
Q

Lung surfactant

A

Produced by cells in alveoli reduces surface tension

34
Q

Residual volume

A

Some air always remains in lungs reduces risk of alveoli collapse

35
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome

A

Premature Infanrs now given synthetic surfactant

36
Q

Moving the plunger of a syringe causes air to move in or out

A

If increase volume pressure decreases air goes in
If decrease volume pressure increases air goes out

37
Q

Air moving in and out of the lungs occurs in similar way

A

Changing volume changing pressure and moves air
Lungs are at rest the pressure on the inside of the lungs is equal to the pressure on the outside of the thorax

38
Q

Respiratory muscles contract

A

Diaphragm moves down into abdominal cavity

39
Q

Hyperna

A

Increased breathing is required to meet demand as during and following exercise or when the body lacks oxygen

40
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Breathing faster or deeper than necessary

41
Q

Hypoventilation

A

Breathing slower than needed holding your breath

42
Q

Residual volume

A

Volume that remains in lungs at all times

43
Q

Tidal volume

A

Volume of air moved in or out during a normal breath

44
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

Volume that can be inhaled during forced breathing in addition to tidal volume

45
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

Volume that can be exhaled during forced breathing in addition to tidal volume

46
Q

Vital capacity

A

The maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible

47
Q

Central chemoreceptors

A

Located near medullary respiratory center
Respond to raised co2 level or low increase breathing

48
Q

Breathing patterns

A

Measured in breathe per minute
Adults 12 to 20
Children 20 to 40
Infants more than 40

49
Q

External exchange

A

Gasses move between alveoli and capillary blood

50
Q

Internal exchange

A

Gassed move between blood and tissues

51
Q

Oxygen in lungs

A

Inhaled air is around 21% oxygen
Oxygen is less concentrated in blood
Oxygen will move from inhaled to blood

52
Q

Oxygen at body cells

A

Body cells are low in oxygen compared to blood
Oxygen will move from blood to cells

53
Q

Carbon dioxide in lungs

A

Inhaled air is around .04% of co2
Blood has more CO2
Carbon dioxide will move from blood to air

54
Q

At body cells gas exchange

A

Cells have high co2
Blood has less co2
Carbon dioxide will move from cells to blood

55
Q

Transport of oxygen

A

Most oxygen in capillary blood binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells
Each hemoglobin can carry 4 oxygen molecules

56
Q

Transport of oxygen pt2

A

Hemoglobin will release oxygen wherever
Oxygen concentrations are low
Carbon dioxide concentration are high ph of blood is low
Temperatures are high

57
Q

Carbon monoxide

A

Binds to same place of hemoglobin as oxygen
Hemoglobin can’t release carbon monoxide as easily

58
Q

Carbon dioxide travels in 3 ways

A

10% dissolved in plasma and fluid in red blood cells
20% combined with protein of hemoglobin and plasma protein
70% dissolved in blood fluid and is converted to bicarbonate ion

59
Q

Hypercapnia

A

Too much carbon dioxide in the blood

60
Q

Hypocapnia

A

Too little carbon dioxide in the blood usually results from rapid breathing

61
Q

Hypoxia

A

Lower than normal oxygen

62
Q

Hypoxia drive

A

Body uses oxygen chemoreceptors instead of co2
Occurs when body has sustained high co2 result of emphysema or other conditions

Biology (8 decks)

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