Chapter 11 Flashcards
The lymphatic system functions
-fluid balance
-forms lymph fluid
-absorption of fats
-digested fats are too large to enter capillaries
-Protect from infection
-important part of immune system
Lymphatic vessels
Pick up lymph fluid
Merge to form lymph vessels
Lymphatic trunks
Larger
Formed by fusion of vessels
May drain through nodes
Small masses of lymph tissue that filter lymph
Right lymphatic ducts
Drains superior right quadrant of the body
Empties into right subclavian vein
Thoracic duct
Larger drains rest of body
Empties into left subclavian vein
One way system
Begins in tissues
Ends in bloodstream at subclavian vein
Flow of nymph
Vessels have valves to allow for one way flow
Under low pressure
Movement of lymph promoted by skeletal muscles compressing vessels
Breathing
Smooth muscle segments located between the valves contract rhythmically
Spleen
Cleanses blood
Flltration
Phagocytosis
Lymphocytes react to pathogens in the blood and destroy them
White pulp
Lymphatic tissue
Red pulp
Venous sinuses filled with blood and lymphatic cells
Tonsils
Masses of lymphoid tissue in area of throat
Palentine tonsils
Located at each side of soft palate
Pharyngeal tonsil
Located behind nose posterior wall of upper pharynx
Peyers patches
Masses of lymphatic tissue
Thymus
Plays key role in immune system
Lymph nodes
Filter the lymph
Lymph comes in one end through battle vessels
Lymph exits opposite end
Pathogens
Any disease causing agent
Protozoa
Bacteria
Virus
Nonspecific defenses
Effective against any harmful agent
Specific defenses
Effective against certain agent only
Chemical protection
Trap particles
Body secretions like tears perspiration and saliva
Wash away micro organisms
May contain enzymes and other chemicals to destroy invaders
Interferon
Group of substances that prevent nearby cells from producing more virus
Only good against VIRUSES
Compliment system
Used to enhance immune reactions
Series of chemical reactions involving many different proteins
Destroy bacteria
Phagocytes
White blood cells take in and destroy waste and foreign material
Natural killer cells
Type of lymphocyte
Can recognize body cells with abnormal membranes
Antigen
Foreign substances that enter body and induces immune response by certain lymphocytes
B cells
Antibody mediated immunity
T cells
Cell mediated immunity
Plasma cells
Produces antibodies
Antibody structure
Y shapes structure
4 chains of amino acids linked by sulfur
How antibodies work
Prevent attachment of pathogens ex viruses cannot invade cell
Cause clumping of pathogens
Neutralize toxins
Aid pathogens
Activate natural killer cells
Activate compliment
Inflammation
Response to an irritant
Inflammatory reaction
Fever
As phagocytes work, they release substances that raise body temperature
Stimulates phagocytes
Increase metabolism
Helper cells
Release interleukins that stimulate other lymphocytes
Cytotoxic cells
Destroy foreign cells directly by secreting chemicals to destroy cell
Supresor cells
Suppress immune response to prevent over activity
Macrophages
Engulf pathogens and display antigens on their surface or surface of a B cells on MHC molecules
Allergic reactions
Immune attack a non harmful substance
Can damage tissue
Allergens
Antigens trigger allergic responses
Invokes immunoglobulin IGE
binds to mast cells or basophils cause them to release histamine
