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Biology > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The lymphatic system functions

A

-fluid balance
-forms lymph fluid
-absorption of fats
-digested fats are too large to enter capillaries
-Protect from infection
-important part of immune system

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2
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

Pick up lymph fluid
Merge to form lymph vessels

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3
Q

Lymphatic trunks

A

Larger
Formed by fusion of vessels
May drain through nodes
Small masses of lymph tissue that filter lymph

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4
Q

Right lymphatic ducts

A

Drains superior right quadrant of the body
Empties into right subclavian vein

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5
Q

Thoracic duct

A

Larger drains rest of body
Empties into left subclavian vein

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6
Q

One way system

A

Begins in tissues
Ends in bloodstream at subclavian vein

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7
Q

Flow of nymph

A

Vessels have valves to allow for one way flow
Under low pressure
Movement of lymph promoted by skeletal muscles compressing vessels
Breathing
Smooth muscle segments located between the valves contract rhythmically

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8
Q

Spleen

A

Cleanses blood
Flltration
Phagocytosis
Lymphocytes react to pathogens in the blood and destroy them

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9
Q

White pulp

A

Lymphatic tissue

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10
Q

Red pulp

A

Venous sinuses filled with blood and lymphatic cells

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11
Q

Tonsils

A

Masses of lymphoid tissue in area of throat

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12
Q

Palentine tonsils

A

Located at each side of soft palate

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13
Q

Pharyngeal tonsil

A

Located behind nose posterior wall of upper pharynx

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14
Q

Peyers patches

A

Masses of lymphatic tissue

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15
Q

Thymus

A

Plays key role in immune system

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16
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Filter the lymph
Lymph comes in one end through battle vessels
Lymph exits opposite end

17
Q

Pathogens

A

Any disease causing agent
Protozoa
Bacteria
Virus

18
Q

Nonspecific defenses

A

Effective against any harmful agent

19
Q

Specific defenses

A

Effective against certain agent only

20
Q

Chemical protection

A

Trap particles
Body secretions like tears perspiration and saliva
Wash away micro organisms
May contain enzymes and other chemicals to destroy invaders

21
Q

Interferon

A

Group of substances that prevent nearby cells from producing more virus
Only good against VIRUSES

22
Q

Compliment system

A

Used to enhance immune reactions
Series of chemical reactions involving many different proteins
Destroy bacteria

23
Q

Phagocytes

A

White blood cells take in and destroy waste and foreign material

24
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Type of lymphocyte
Can recognize body cells with abnormal membranes

25
Q

Antigen

A

Foreign substances that enter body and induces immune response by certain lymphocytes

26
Q

B cells

A

Antibody mediated immunity

27
Q

T cells

A

Cell mediated immunity

28
Q

Plasma cells

A

Produces antibodies

29
Q

Antibody structure

A

Y shapes structure
4 chains of amino acids linked by sulfur

30
Q

How antibodies work

A

Prevent attachment of pathogens ex viruses cannot invade cell
Cause clumping of pathogens
Neutralize toxins
Aid pathogens
Activate natural killer cells
Activate compliment

31
Q

Inflammation

A

Response to an irritant
Inflammatory reaction

32
Q

Fever

A

As phagocytes work, they release substances that raise body temperature
Stimulates phagocytes
Increase metabolism

33
Q

Helper cells

A

Release interleukins that stimulate other lymphocytes

34
Q

Cytotoxic cells

A

Destroy foreign cells directly by secreting chemicals to destroy cell

35
Q

Supresor cells

A

Suppress immune response to prevent over activity

36
Q

Macrophages

A

Engulf pathogens and display antigens on their surface or surface of a B cells on MHC molecules

37
Q

Allergic reactions

A

Immune attack a non harmful substance
Can damage tissue

38
Q

Allergens

A

Antigens trigger allergic responses
Invokes immunoglobulin IGE
binds to mast cells or basophils cause them to release histamine

Biology (8 decks)

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