Chapter 12 Flashcards
Cardiovascular system structure
Heart, arteries, veins, capalaries, and blood
Oxygen transport
From Lungs go cells
Nutrient transport
Glucose, amino acids, lipids
Carbon dioxide transport
From cells to lungs
Metabolic waste transport
Urea/uric acid, creatine
Thermoregulation
Distribute heat around body
Blood temp 100.4
Heart location
Between the lungs
Left of the midline of the body
In mediastinum
Apex pointed towards left
Heart is slightly bigger than what
Fist
Pericardium
Sac that encloses the heart and reduces friction
Fibrous pericardium
Holds heart in place
Serous membrane
2 layers with serous fluid between layers
Reduces friction as heart beats
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium
Symptoms- chest pain dry cough fever and anxiety
Cardiac tamponade
Emergency situation where fluid accumulates in pericardium
Keeps ventricles from filling resulting in low blood volume leading to shock and death
Coronary circulation
Provides blood flow to and from the heart and muscles
Coronary arteries
Supply blood to heart muscle
First branches off the aorta
One on each side of the heart (right and left coronary artery)
Myocardial infarction
A heart attack
Occurs when blood flow to a section of heart becomes blocked
Atherosclerosis
Hardening of the arteries
Lipids/cholesterol
Coat the walls of arteries causing them to harden and narrow
Anginapectoris
Chest pain or discomfort
Occurs when an area of your heart muscle doesn’t get enough oxygen rich blood
Holter monitor
Small device used to mesure electrical activity of the heart
Stress test
Used to diagnose coronary artery disease
Involves exercising and medication to make your heart work harder
Angiogram
Test uses and special x raya to show the inside of your coronary arteries
Cathetor
Put into a blood vessel in your upper thigh
Femoral artery
Angioplasty
Balloon used to open blockage in a coronary heart artery
Stent
Small mesh tube usually placed in the newly widened part of the artery
Holds up the artery and lowers the risk of the artery re narrowing
Coronary bypass surgery
Used to improve blood flow to the heart
Healthy artery or vein from another part of the block is connected to the blocked coronary artery
Pulmonary circuit
Right side pumps blood low in oxygen to the lungs
Need to get rid of co2 to her oxygen
Systematic circuit
Left side pumps oxygenated blood to remainder of body
Arteries
Largest vessels
Carry blood away from the heart
Arterides
Small subdivision of arteries
Carry blood to capillaries
Resistance vessels
Capillaries
Tiny thin walled vessels
Allow for exchange between blood and body cells
Venules
Small vessels
Receive blood from capillaries transport blood toward heart
Veins
Larger vessels
Formed merging venules
Carry blood towards heart
Arteries have more …
Smooth muscle tissue
Elastic muscle tissue
Veins have valves to allow one way blood flow
Varicose veins
Veins have become enlarged and twisted
Common in legs
Usually superficial veins
Deep vein thrombosis
Formation of a blood clot
Clot could dislodge and travel to the lunch which is a pulmonary embolism
Continuous capillaries
Found in skeletal and smooth muscle and lunch
Plasma membrane forms continuous tube
Allows for diffusion of water and small solutes
Fenestrated capillaries
Have many fenestration’s (pores) greater permeability
Quick exchange of fluids and solutes
Sinvsoids
Wider capillaries
Large fenestirations and spaces between cells
Allows proteins and sometimes blood cells to pass
Precapillary sphincters
Smooth muscle at entrance of capillary
May close a capillary
Arteriole diameter
Can alter the amount of blood flow to different body structures to meet changing demands
Vasoconstriction
Decrease blood flow
Vasodilation
Increase blood flow
Auto regulation
Brain and kidney get constant flow even if change in blood pressure
Right side of heart
Receives blood from body tissue
Pumps low oxygen blood to lungs
Left side of heart
Receives blood from lungs
Pumps high oxygen blood to body tissues
Artria
Smaller
Superior portion of the heart
Receive blood from body from veins
Less mascular pectinate muscle located on walls
Fossa ovalis
Closing of a passageway that would let blood flow from right atrium to left atrium before birth
Ventricles
Large chambers
Lower portion of the heart
Send blood to body cells out arteries
Right atrium
Receives blood from inferior vena cava and superior vena cava
Sends blood to right ventricle
Right ventricle
Receives blood from right atrium
Sends blood to lungs out pulmonary trunk
Left atrium
Received oxygen rich blood from pulmonary veins
Sends blood to left ventricle
Left ventricle
Received blood from left atrium
Sends blood to body cells out aorta
Heart valves
Atrioventricular valves
Tricuspid valve
Right a v valve
Separates right ventricle from right atrium
Mitral valve
Left a v valve
Separates left atrium and left ventricle
Prevents blood from flowing through
Pulmonary valve
Guards opening to pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle
Regents blood from flowing from pulmonary trunk back to right ventricle
Aortic valve
Guards opening to the aorta from the left ventricle
First heart sound
Lubb
Closing of atrioventricular valve
Second heart sound
Dupp
Closing of sumilunar valves
(Aortic and pulmonary valves)
Murmurs
Abnormal heart sounds due to valves not closing completely
Echocardiography
Uses sound waves to create images of your heart
Size and shape of heart
How well chambers and valves work
Myocardium
Cardiac muscle
Lightly striated
Cells have single nucleus
Intercalated disks between cells
Sinatrial
Initiate heartbeat and pacemaker of the heart
Atria contract
Atriovencular
Slow electrical signal
Atrioventricular bundle and bundle branches
Carry signal to bottom of ventricle (apex of heart)
Purkinje fibers
Carey signal back up through ventricle muscles
Ventricles contract
P wave
Actions of atria
QRS wave
Contraction of ventricles
T wave
Resetting of ventricles
Bradycardia
Slower than normal heart rate
Less than 60 beats per minute
Tachycardia
Faster than normal heart rate
More than 100 beats per min
Fibrillation
Uncoordinated beating
Atrial fibrillation
Rapid disorganized electrical signals in the atria cause them to contract very fast and irregularly
Ventricular fibrillation
Very dangerous
ventricles quiver instead of pump normallu
Automatic external defibrillator
Portable device that automatically diagnose arrhythmias
Sound of highest pressure
Systolox
Sound of lowest pressure
Diastolic
Normal BP
120:80
Hypertension
High blood pressure
Less than 120/80
Stage 1 and 2 hypertension
Stage 1: 140-159/90-99
Stage 2: 160 and above/ 100 and above
Hypotension low blood pressure
Lower than 90/60
Medical concern only if it causes dizziness fainting or shock
Cardiac output
Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute
Contractility
How hard individual muscle fibers in heart contract
Venous return
How much blood returned to the ventricles from veins
Resistance
Caused by friction between blood walls and blood vessels
More resistance if higher blood pressure
Hemocrit
Percentage of blood made of cells
Heart rate
Usually around 70bpm
Stroke volume
Usually around 70-80 ML/beat
Heart pumps
At rest 5L/min
Exercising 25L/min
Hipovolemic shock
Result of blood loss
Aneurysm
Localized blood filled dilation of a blood vessel cause by disease or weakening of the vessel wall
