Chapter 8 Flashcards by Aerish Sison

In ancient times holes were cut in an ill person’s head to let out evil spirits in a process called

TREPHINATION

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Believed that mental illness came from an imbalance in the body’s four humors

HIPPOCRATES

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In the Middle Ages, the mentally ill were labeled as

WITCHES

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The study of abnormal behavior

PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

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Any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm others, or harms their ability to function in daily life

PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER

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Psychologists often classify behavior as abnormal using 4 D’s:

DEVIANCE, DISTRESS, DYSFUNCTION, DANGER

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The social or environmental setting of a person’s behavior

SITUATIONAL CONTEXT

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Emotional distress or discomfort

SUBJECTIVE DISCOMFORT

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Anything that does not allow a person to function within or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of life

MALADAPTIVE THINKING OR BEHAVIOR

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according to this model psychological disorders
have biological or medical causes

BIOLOGICAL MODEL

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according to this theorist abnormal behavior stems from repressed conflicts and urges that are fighting to become conscious

PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORISTS

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According to this perspective abnormal behavior is learned

BEHAVIORISTS

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According to this theorist abnormal behavior comes from irrational beliefs and illogical patterns of thought

COGNITIVE THEORIST

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According to this perspective abnormal behavior is the product of family, social, and cultural influences

SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVE

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The need to consider the unique characteristics of the culture in which behavior takes place

CULTURAL RELATIVITY

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Disorders found only in particular cultures

CULTURAL BOUND SYNDROMES

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Incorporates biology, psychology, and culture into a single explanation of abnormal behavior

BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL

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Manual of psychological disorders and their symptoms

DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL (DSM-5-TR)

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An international resource published by the World Health Organization (WHO)

INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES (ICD)

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The DSM-5 describes about ___ different psychological disorders and updated ____ mental disorders in DSM-5-TR

250 AND 70

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PROS OF Labeling Disorders

provide a common language to professionals
– establish distinct categories of diagnosis for treatment and understanding

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CONS OF Labeling Disorders

overly prejudicial
– “psychology student’s syndrome”

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The main symptom is excessive or unrealistic worry and fearfulness

ANXIETY DISORDERS

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Anxiety that is unrelated to any realistic, known source

FREE-FLOATING ANXIETY

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An irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity

PHOBIA

Fear of interacting with others or being in social situations that might lead to a negative evaluation

Social phobia (social anxiety disorder):

Fear of objects or specific situations or events

SPECIFIC PHOBIA

Fear of being in a small, enclosed space

CLAUSTROPHOBIA

Fear of heights

ACROPHOBIA

Fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible

AGORAPHOBIA

Panic attacks occur frequently enough to cause the person difficulty in adjusting to daily life

PANIC DISORDER

Sudden onset of intense panic in which multiple physical symptoms of stress occur, often with feelings that one is dying

PANIC ATTACK

Intruding, recurring thoughts or obsessions create anxiety that is relieved by performing a repetitive, ritualistic behavior (compulsion)

OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER

Disorder resulting from exposure to a major, traumatic stressor

ACUTE STRESS DISORDER

The symptoms associated with ASD last for more than one month

POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER

symptoms of ______may not develop until more than 6 months after a traumatic event

PTSD

Symptoms include anxiety, dissociation, recurring nightmares, sleep disturbances, problems in concentration, and moments in which people seem to relive the event in dreams and flashback

ACUTE STRESS DISORDER

Excessive anxieties and worries occur more days than not for at least 6 months

GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER

Irrational thinking:

MAGINIFCATION ALL OR NOTHING THINKING MINIMIZATION OVERGENERALIZATION

in psychological terms, emotion or mood

AFFECT

Disorders in which mood is severely disturbed

MOOD DISORDERS

Severely depressed mood that comes on suddenly and seems to have no external cause ▪ may include thoughts of death or suicide ▪ most common of diagnosed disorders of mood

MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER

A mood disorder caused by the body’s reaction to low levels of sunlight in the winter months

SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER (SAD)

A period of excessive excitement, energy, and elation or irritability

MANIC EPISODE

Periods of mood that may range from normal to manic, with or without episodes of depression (bipolar I disorder), or spans of normal mood interspersed with episodes of major depression and episodes of hypomania (bipolar II disorder)

bipolar disorder

A condition in which a person reduces eating to the point that their body weight is significantly low, or less than minimally expected

ANOREXIA NERVOSA

A condition in which a person develops a cycle of “binging,” or overeating enormous amounts of food at one sitting, and then using unhealthy methods to avoid weight gain

BULIMIA NERVOSA

Disorders in which there is a break in conscious awareness, memory, the sense of identity, or some combination

DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER

Loss of memory for personal information, either partial or complete

DISSOCIATIVE AMNESIA

Traveling away from familiar surroundings with amnesia for the trip and possible amnesia for personal information

DISSOCIATIVE PUGUE

Disorder occurring when a person seems to have two or more distinct personalities within one body

DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER

Dissociative disorder in which sufferers feel detached and disconnected from themselves, their bodies, and their surroundings

DEPERSONALIZATION/DEREALIZATION

Severe disorder in which the person suffers from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, and hallucinations, and is unable to distinguish between fantasy and reality

SCHIZOPHRENIA

The break away from an ability to perceive what is real and what is fantasy

PSYCHOTIC

False beliefs held by a person who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness

DELUSIONS

TYPES OF DELUSIONS

- delusions of persecution – delusions of reference – delusions of influence – delusions of grandeur (or grandiose delusions)

False sensory perceptions, such as hearing voices that do not really exist

HALLUCINATIONS

A lack of emotional responsiveness

FLAT AFFECT

Either wildly excessive movement or total lack thereof

CATATONIA

Excesses of behavior or occur in addition to normal behavior – hallucinations, delusions, and distorted thinking

POSITIVE SYMPTOMS

Less-than-normal behavior or an absence of normal behavior – poor attention, flat affect, and poor speech production

NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS

Biological explanations of ___________focus on dopamine, structural defects in the brain, inflammation, and genetic influences

SCHIZOPHRENIA

Assumes a biological sensitivity, or vulnerability, to a certain disorder that will develop under the right conditions of environmental or emotional stress

STRESS VULNERABILITY DISORDER

A disorder in which a person adopts a persistent, rigid, and maladaptive pattern of behavior that interferes with normal social interactions

PERSONALITY DISORDER

A person has no morals or conscience and often behaves in an impulsive manner without regard for the consequences of that behavior

ANTISOCIAL PERSONALTY DISORDER

Maladaptive personality pattern in which the person is moody and unstable, lacks a clear sense of identity, and often clings to others

BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER