Chapter 8 Flashcards
In ancient times holes were cut in an ill person’s head to let out evil spirits in a process called
TREPHINATION
Believed that mental illness came from an imbalance in the body’s four humors
HIPPOCRATES
In the Middle Ages, the mentally ill were labeled as
WITCHES
The study of abnormal behavior
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
Any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm others, or harms their ability to function in daily life
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER
Psychologists often classify behavior as abnormal using 4 D’s:
DEVIANCE, DISTRESS, DYSFUNCTION, DANGER
The social or environmental setting of a person’s behavior
SITUATIONAL CONTEXT
Emotional distress or discomfort
SUBJECTIVE DISCOMFORT
Anything that does not allow a person to function within or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of life
MALADAPTIVE THINKING OR BEHAVIOR
according to this model psychological disorders
have biological or medical causes
BIOLOGICAL MODEL
according to this theorist abnormal behavior stems from repressed conflicts and urges that are fighting to become conscious
PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORISTS
According to this perspective abnormal behavior is learned
BEHAVIORISTS
According to this theorist abnormal behavior comes from irrational beliefs and illogical patterns of thought
COGNITIVE THEORIST
According to this perspective abnormal behavior is the product of family, social, and cultural influences
SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
The need to consider the unique characteristics of the culture in which behavior takes place
CULTURAL RELATIVITY
Disorders found only in particular cultures
CULTURAL BOUND SYNDROMES
Incorporates biology, psychology, and culture into a single explanation of abnormal behavior
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL
Manual of psychological disorders and their symptoms
DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL (DSM-5-TR)
An international resource published by the World Health Organization (WHO)
INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES (ICD)
The DSM-5 describes about ___ different psychological disorders and updated ____ mental disorders in DSM-5-TR
250 AND 70
PROS OF Labeling Disorders
provide a common language to professionals
– establish distinct categories of diagnosis for treatment and understanding
CONS OF Labeling Disorders
overly prejudicial
– “psychology student’s syndrome”
The main symptom is excessive or unrealistic worry and fearfulness
ANXIETY DISORDERS
Anxiety that is unrelated to any realistic, known source
FREE-FLOATING ANXIETY
An irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity
PHOBIA
Fear of interacting with others or being in social situations that might lead to a negative evaluation
Social phobia (social anxiety disorder):
Fear of objects or specific situations or events
SPECIFIC PHOBIA
Fear of being in a small, enclosed space
CLAUSTROPHOBIA
Fear of heights
ACROPHOBIA
Fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible
AGORAPHOBIA
Panic attacks occur frequently enough to cause the person difficulty in adjusting to daily life
PANIC DISORDER
Sudden onset of intense panic in which multiple physical symptoms of stress occur, often with feelings that one is dying
PANIC ATTACK
Intruding, recurring thoughts or obsessions create anxiety that is relieved by performing a repetitive, ritualistic behavior (compulsion)
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER
Disorder resulting from exposure to a major, traumatic stressor
ACUTE STRESS DISORDER
The symptoms associated with ASD last for more than one month
POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
symptoms of ______may not develop until
more than 6 months after a traumatic event
PTSD
Symptoms include anxiety, dissociation, recurring nightmares, sleep disturbances, problems in concentration, and moments in which people seem to relive the event in dreams and flashback
ACUTE STRESS DISORDER
Excessive anxieties and worries occur more days than not for at least 6 months
GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER
Irrational thinking:
MAGINIFCATION
ALL OR NOTHING THINKING
MINIMIZATION
OVERGENERALIZATION
in psychological terms, emotion or
mood
AFFECT
Disorders in which mood is severely disturbed
MOOD DISORDERS
Severely depressed mood that comes on suddenly and seems to have no external cause
▪ may include thoughts of death or suicide
▪ most common of diagnosed disorders of mood
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
A mood disorder caused by the body’s reaction to low levels of sunlight in the winter months
SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER (SAD)
A period of excessive excitement, energy, and elation or irritability
MANIC EPISODE
Periods of mood that may range from normal to manic, with or without episodes of depression (bipolar I disorder), or spans of normal mood interspersed with episodes of major depression and episodes of hypomania (bipolar II disorder)
bipolar disorder
A condition in which a person reduces eating to the point that their body weight is significantly low, or less than minimally expected
ANOREXIA NERVOSA
A condition in which a person develops a cycle of “binging,” or overeating enormous amounts of food at one sitting, and then using unhealthy methods to avoid weight gain
BULIMIA NERVOSA
Disorders in which there is a break in conscious awareness, memory, the sense of identity, or some combination
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER
Loss of memory for personal information, either partial or complete
DISSOCIATIVE AMNESIA
Traveling away from familiar surroundings with amnesia for the trip and possible amnesia for personal information
DISSOCIATIVE PUGUE
Disorder occurring when a person seems to have two or more distinct personalities within one body
DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER
Dissociative disorder in which sufferers feel detached and disconnected from themselves, their bodies, and their surroundings
DEPERSONALIZATION/DEREALIZATION
Severe disorder in which the person suffers from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, and hallucinations, and is unable to distinguish between fantasy and reality
SCHIZOPHRENIA
The break away from an ability to perceive what is real and what is fantasy
PSYCHOTIC
False beliefs held by a person who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness
DELUSIONS
TYPES OF DELUSIONS
- delusions of persecution
– delusions of reference
– delusions of influence
– delusions of grandeur (or grandiose delusions)
False sensory perceptions, such as hearing voices that do not really exist
HALLUCINATIONS
A lack of emotional responsiveness
FLAT AFFECT
Either wildly excessive movement or total lack thereof
CATATONIA
Excesses of behavior or occur in addition to normal behavior
– hallucinations, delusions, and distorted thinking
POSITIVE SYMPTOMS
Less-than-normal behavior or an absence of normal behavior
– poor attention, flat affect, and poor speech production
NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS
Biological explanations of ___________focus on dopamine, structural defects in the brain, inflammation, and genetic influences
SCHIZOPHRENIA
Assumes a biological sensitivity, or vulnerability, to a certain disorder that will develop under the right conditions of environmental or emotional stress
STRESS VULNERABILITY DISORDER
A disorder in which a person adopts a persistent, rigid, and maladaptive pattern of behavior that interferes with normal social interactions
PERSONALITY DISORDER
A person has no morals or conscience and often behaves in an impulsive manner without regard for the consequences of that behavior
ANTISOCIAL PERSONALTY DISORDER
Maladaptive personality pattern in which the person is moody and unstable, lacks a clear sense of identity, and often clings to others
BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER
