Chapter 7 Flashcards
The unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave
PERSONALITY
Value judgments made about a person’s moral and ethical behavior
CHARACTER
The enduring characteristics with which each person is born
TEMPERAMENT
Four Perspectives in Study of Personality
- PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE
- BEHAVIORIST PERSPECTIVE
- HUMAINISTIC PERSPECTIVE
- TRAIT PERSPECTIVE
The founder of the psychoanalytic movement in psychology
SIGMUND FREUD
Where and when men were supposedly unable to control their “animal” desires; a good Victorian husband would father several children with his wife and then turn to a mistress for sexual comfort, leaving his virtuous wife untouched
Europe during the Victorian Age
Divisions of Consciousness
- CONSCIOUS MIND
- PRECONSCIOUS MIND
- UNCONSCIOUS MIND
Level of the mind in which information is available but not currently conscious
PRECONSCIOUS MIND
Level of the mind that is aware of immediate surroundings and perceptions
CONSCIOUS MIND
Level of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness are kept
UNCONSCIOUS MIND
How does unconscious mind can be revealed
Dreams and Freudian slips of the tongue
Freud’s Theory: Parts of Personality
- ID
- EGO
- SUPEREGO
Part of the personality present at birth; completely unconscious
ID
The instinctual energy that may come into conflict with the demands of a society’s standards for behavior
LIBIDO
Principle by which the id functions; the immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences
PLEASURE PRINCIPLE
Part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality; mostly conscious, rational, and logical
EGO
Principle by which the ego functions; the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result
REALITY PRINCIPLE
Part of the personality that acts as a moral center
SUPEREGO
Part of the superego that contains the standards for moral behavior
EGO IDEAL
Art of the superego that produces pride or guilt, depending on how well behavior matches or does not match the ego ideal
CONSCIENCE
Unconscious distortions of a person’s perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety
PSYCHOLOGICAL DEFENSE MECHANISM
The person refuses to acknowledge or recognize a threatening situation
DENIAL
The person refuses to consciously remember a threatening or unacceptable event, instead pushing those events into the unconscious mind
REPRESSION
The person invents acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior
RATIONALIZATION
Unacceptable or threatening impulses or feelings are seen as originating with someone else, usually the target of the impulses or feeling
PROJECTION
The person forms an emotional or behavioral reaction opposite to the way he or she really feels in order to keep those true feelings hidden from self and others
REACTION FORMATION
Redirecting feelings from a threatening target to a less threatening one
DISPLACEMENT
The person falls back on childlike patterns of responding in reaction to stressful situations
REGRESSION
The person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety
IDENTIFICATION
The person makes up for deficiencies in one area by becoming superior in another area
COMPENSATION (SUBSTITUTION)
Channeling socially unacceptable impulses and urges into socially acceptable behavior
SUBLIMATION
If the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, it will result in personality traits and behaviors associated with that earlier stage
FIXATION
Five stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tied to the sexual development of the child
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES
First stage, occurring in the first year of life, in which the mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is the primary conflict; id dominated
ORAL STAGE
Second stage, occurring between about one and three years of age; the anus is the erogenous zone and toilet training is the source of conflict; ego develops
ANAL STAGE
A person fixated in the anal stage who is messy, destructive, and hostile
ANAL EXPULSIVE PERSONALITY
A person fixated in the anal stage who is neat, fussy, stingy, and stubborn
ANAL RETENTIVE PERSONALITY
Third stage, occurring from about three to six years of age; the child discovers sexual feelings; superego develops
PHALLIC STAGE
Situation occurring in the phallic stage in which a child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and jealousy of the same-sex parent
OEDIPUS COMPLEX
A similar process for girls
ELECTRA COMPLEX
Fourth stage occurring during the school years, in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways
LATENCY STAGE
During and after puberty, sexual feelings reawaken with appropriate targets
GENITAL STAGE
Followers of Freud who developed their own competing theories of psychoanalysis
NEO-FREUDIANS
Developed a theory including both a personal and a collective unconscious
CARL JUNG
Jung’s name for the unconscious mind as described by Freud
PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS
The memories shared by all members of the human species
COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS
Collective, universal human memories
ARCHETYPES
Proposed that feelings of inferiority are the driving force behind personality
ALFRED ADLER
Developed birth order theory
ALFRED ADLER
Developed a theory based on basic anxiety; rejected the concept of penis envy
KAREN HORNEY
Anxiety created when a child is born into the bigger and more powerful world of older children and adults
BASIC ANXIETY
The result of less secure upbringings and paired with maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships
NEUROTIC PERSONALITITES
Developed a theory based on social rather than sexual relationships, covering the entire life span
ERIK ERIKSON
Behaviorists define personality as a set of learned responses or habits
Well-learned response that has become automatic
HABIT
Social cognitive learning theorists emphasize the importance of:
the influences of other people’s behavior
– the influence of a person’s own expectancies on learning
Learning theory that includes cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation of models
SOCIAL COGNITIVE VIEW
Bandura’s explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior
RECIPROCAL DETERMINISM
An individual’s perception of how effective a behavior will be in any particular circumstance (not the same as self-esteem)
SELF-EFFICACY
Rotter’s Social Learning Theory
LOCUS OF CONTROL
EXPECTANCY
The “third force” in psychology
HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE
Focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such a subjective feelings and freedom of choice
HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE
The striving to fulfill one’s innate capacities and capabilities
SELF-ACTUALIZING TENDENCY
The image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in one’s life
SELF-CONCEPT
Self-archetype that works with the ego to manage other archetypes and balance the personality
SELF-CONCEPT
One’s perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities
REAL SELF
One’s perception of whom one should be or would like to be
IDEAL SELF-
Warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from significant others in one’s life
POSITIVE REGARD
Positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached
UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD
Positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish
CONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD
Positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish
CONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD
A person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings
FULLY FUNCTIONING PERSON
Theories that endeavor to describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior
TRAIT THEORIES
A consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving
TRAIT
Allport first developed a list of about ____ traits; he believed that these traits were part of the nervous system
200
____-reduced the number of traits to between sixteen and twenty-three with a computer method called factor analysis
CATTELL
developed the 16PF test
CATTELL
Aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person
SURFACE TRAITS
The more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality
SOURCE TRAITS
Describes five basic trait dimensions
FIVE FACTOR MODEL
Willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences
OPENNESS
The care a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others; dependability
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS
One’s need to be with other people
EXTRAVERSION
The emotional style of a person that may range from easygoing, friendly, and likeable to grumpy, crabby, and unpleasant
AGREEABLENESS
Degree of emotional instability or stability
NEUROTICISM
The particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed
TRAIT SITUATION INTERACTION
The study of the relationship between heredity and personality
BEHAVIORAL GENETICS
How much some trait within a population can be attributed to genetic influences, and the extent individual genetic variation impacts differences in observed
behavior
HERITABILITY
Personality assessment in which the professional asks questions of the client and allows the client to answer, either in a structured or unstructured fashion
INTERVIEW
Tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client’s behavior and statements
HALO EEFECT
Personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind
PROJECTIVE TEST
Projective test that uses ten inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli
RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST
Projective test that uses twenty pictures of people in ambiguous situations as the visual stimuli
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST
the professional observes the client engaged in ordinary, day-to-day behavior in either a clinical or natural setting
DIRECT OBSERVATION
a numerical value is assigned to specific behavior that is listed in the scale
RATING SCALE
assessment in which the frequency of a particular behavior is counted
FREQUENCY COUNT
Paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific, standardized response from the person taking the test
PERSONALITY INVENTORY
Based on the five factor model
NEO-PI
based on Jung’s theory of personality types
MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR
Designed to detect abnormal behavior or thinking patterns in personality
MMPI-2