Chapter 7 Flashcards by Aerish Sison

The unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave

PERSONALITY

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Value judgments made about a person’s moral and ethical behavior

CHARACTER

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The enduring characteristics with which each person is born

TEMPERAMENT

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Four Perspectives in Study of Personality

PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE
BEHAVIORIST PERSPECTIVE
HUMAINISTIC PERSPECTIVE
TRAIT PERSPECTIVE

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The founder of the psychoanalytic movement in psychology

SIGMUND FREUD

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Where and when men were supposedly unable to control their “animal” desires; a good Victorian husband would father several children with his wife and then turn to a mistress for sexual comfort, leaving his virtuous wife untouched

Europe during the Victorian Age

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Divisions of Consciousness

CONSCIOUS MIND
PRECONSCIOUS MIND
UNCONSCIOUS MIND

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Level of the mind in which information is available but not currently conscious

PRECONSCIOUS MIND

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Level of the mind that is aware of immediate surroundings and perceptions

CONSCIOUS MIND

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Level of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness are kept

UNCONSCIOUS MIND

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How does unconscious mind can be revealed

Dreams and Freudian slips of the tongue

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Freud’s Theory: Parts of Personality

ID
EGO
SUPEREGO

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Part of the personality present at birth; completely unconscious

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The instinctual energy that may come into conflict with the demands of a society’s standards for behavior

LIBIDO

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Principle by which the id functions; the immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences

PLEASURE PRINCIPLE

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Part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality; mostly conscious, rational, and logical

EGO

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Principle by which the ego functions; the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result

REALITY PRINCIPLE

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Part of the personality that acts as a moral center

SUPEREGO

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Part of the superego that contains the standards for moral behavior

EGO IDEAL

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Art of the superego that produces pride or guilt, depending on how well behavior matches or does not match the ego ideal

CONSCIENCE

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Unconscious distortions of a person’s perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety

PSYCHOLOGICAL DEFENSE MECHANISM

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The person refuses to acknowledge or recognize a threatening situation

DENIAL

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The person refuses to consciously remember a threatening or unacceptable event, instead pushing those events into the unconscious mind

REPRESSION

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The person invents acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior

RATIONALIZATION

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Unacceptable or threatening impulses or feelings are seen as originating with someone else, usually the target of the impulses or feeling

PROJECTION

The person forms an emotional or behavioral reaction opposite to the way he or she really feels in order to keep those true feelings hidden from self and others

REACTION FORMATION

Redirecting feelings from a threatening target to a less threatening one

DISPLACEMENT

The person falls back on childlike patterns of responding in reaction to stressful situations

REGRESSION

The person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety

IDENTIFICATION

The person makes up for deficiencies in one area by becoming superior in another area

COMPENSATION (SUBSTITUTION)

Channeling socially unacceptable impulses and urges into socially acceptable behavior

SUBLIMATION

If the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, it will result in personality traits and behaviors associated with that earlier stage

FIXATION

Five stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tied to the sexual development of the child

PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES

First stage, occurring in the first year of life, in which the mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is the primary conflict; id dominated

ORAL STAGE

Second stage, occurring between about one and three years of age; the anus is the erogenous zone and toilet training is the source of conflict; ego develops

ANAL STAGE

A person fixated in the anal stage who is messy, destructive, and hostile

ANAL EXPULSIVE PERSONALITY

A person fixated in the anal stage who is neat, fussy, stingy, and stubborn

ANAL RETENTIVE PERSONALITY

Third stage, occurring from about three to six years of age; the child discovers sexual feelings; superego develops

PHALLIC STAGE

Situation occurring in the phallic stage in which a child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and jealousy of the same-sex parent

OEDIPUS COMPLEX

A similar process for girls

ELECTRA COMPLEX

Fourth stage occurring during the school years, in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways

LATENCY STAGE

During and after puberty, sexual feelings reawaken with appropriate targets

GENITAL STAGE

Followers of Freud who developed their own competing theories of psychoanalysis

NEO-FREUDIANS

Developed a theory including both a personal and a collective unconscious

CARL JUNG

Jung’s name for the unconscious mind as described by Freud

PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS

The memories shared by all members of the human species

COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

Collective, universal human memories

ARCHETYPES

Proposed that feelings of inferiority are the driving force behind personality

ALFRED ADLER

Developed birth order theory

ALFRED ADLER

Developed a theory based on basic anxiety; rejected the concept of penis envy

KAREN HORNEY

Anxiety created when a child is born into the bigger and more powerful world of older children and adults

BASIC ANXIETY

The result of less secure upbringings and paired with maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships

NEUROTIC PERSONALITITES

Developed a theory based on social rather than sexual relationships, covering the entire life span

ERIK ERIKSON

Behaviorists define personality as a set of learned responses or habits

Well-learned response that has become automatic

HABIT

Social cognitive learning theorists emphasize the importance of:

the influences of other people’s behavior – the influence of a person’s own expectancies on learning

Learning theory that includes cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation of models

SOCIAL COGNITIVE VIEW

Bandura’s explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior

RECIPROCAL DETERMINISM

An individual’s perception of how effective a behavior will be in any particular circumstance (not the same as self-esteem)

SELF-EFFICACY

Rotter’s Social Learning Theory

LOCUS OF CONTROL EXPECTANCY

The “third force” in psychology

HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE

Focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such a subjective feelings and freedom of choice

HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE

The striving to fulfill one’s innate capacities and capabilities

SELF-ACTUALIZING TENDENCY

The image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in one’s life

SELF-CONCEPT

Self-archetype that works with the ego to manage other archetypes and balance the personality

SELF-CONCEPT

One’s perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities

REAL SELF

One’s perception of whom one should be or would like to be

IDEAL SELF-

Warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from significant others in one’s life

POSITIVE REGARD

Positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached

UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD

Positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish

CONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD

Positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish

CONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD

A person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings

FULLY FUNCTIONING PERSON

Theories that endeavor to describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior

TRAIT THEORIES

A consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving

TRAIT

Allport first developed a list of about ____ traits; he believed that these traits were part of the nervous system

200

____-reduced the number of traits to between sixteen and twenty-three with a computer method called factor analysis

CATTELL

developed the 16PF test

CATTELL

Aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person

SURFACE TRAITS

The more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality

SOURCE TRAITS

Describes five basic trait dimensions

FIVE FACTOR MODEL

Willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences

OPENNESS

The care a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others; dependability

CONSCIENTIOUSNESS

One’s need to be with other people

EXTRAVERSION

The emotional style of a person that may range from easygoing, friendly, and likeable to grumpy, crabby, and unpleasant

AGREEABLENESS

Degree of emotional instability or stability

NEUROTICISM

The particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed

TRAIT SITUATION INTERACTION

The study of the relationship between heredity and personality

BEHAVIORAL GENETICS

How much some trait within a population can be attributed to genetic influences, and the extent individual genetic variation impacts differences in observed behavior

HERITABILITY

Personality assessment in which the professional asks questions of the client and allows the client to answer, either in a structured or unstructured fashion

INTERVIEW

Tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client’s behavior and statements

HALO EEFECT

Personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind

PROJECTIVE TEST

Projective test that uses ten inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli

RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST

Projective test that uses twenty pictures of people in ambiguous situations as the visual stimuli

THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST

the professional observes the client engaged in ordinary, day-to-day behavior in either a clinical or natural setting

DIRECT OBSERVATION

a numerical value is assigned to specific behavior that is listed in the scale

RATING SCALE

assessment in which the frequency of a particular behavior is counted

FREQUENCY COUNT

Paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific, standardized response from the person taking the test

PERSONALITY INVENTORY

Based on the five factor model

NEO-PI

based on Jung’s theory of personality types

MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR

Designed to detect abnormal behavior or thinking patterns in personality

MMPI-2