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INTRO TO PSYCHOLOGY > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

The unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave

A

PERSONALITY

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2
Q

Value judgments made about a person’s moral and ethical behavior

A

CHARACTER

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3
Q

The enduring characteristics with which each person is born

A

TEMPERAMENT

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4
Q

Four Perspectives in Study of Personality

A
  • PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE
  • BEHAVIORIST PERSPECTIVE
  • HUMAINISTIC PERSPECTIVE
  • TRAIT PERSPECTIVE
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5
Q

The founder of the psychoanalytic movement in psychology

A

SIGMUND FREUD

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6
Q

Where and when men were supposedly unable to control their “animal” desires; a good Victorian husband would father several children with his wife and then turn to a mistress for sexual comfort, leaving his virtuous wife untouched

A

Europe during the Victorian Age

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7
Q

Divisions of Consciousness

A
  • CONSCIOUS MIND
  • PRECONSCIOUS MIND
  • UNCONSCIOUS MIND
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8
Q

Level of the mind in which information is available but not currently conscious

A

PRECONSCIOUS MIND

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9
Q

Level of the mind that is aware of immediate surroundings and perceptions

A

CONSCIOUS MIND

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10
Q

Level of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness are kept

A

UNCONSCIOUS MIND

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11
Q

How does unconscious mind can be revealed

A

Dreams and Freudian slips of the tongue

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12
Q

Freud’s Theory: Parts of Personality

A
  • ID
  • EGO
  • SUPEREGO
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13
Q

Part of the personality present at birth; completely unconscious

A

ID

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14
Q

The instinctual energy that may come into conflict with the demands of a society’s standards for behavior

A

LIBIDO

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15
Q

Principle by which the id functions; the immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences

A

PLEASURE PRINCIPLE

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16
Q

Part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality; mostly conscious, rational, and logical

A

EGO

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17
Q

Principle by which the ego functions; the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result

A

REALITY PRINCIPLE

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18
Q

Part of the personality that acts as a moral center

A

SUPEREGO

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19
Q

Part of the superego that contains the standards for moral behavior

A

EGO IDEAL

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20
Q

Art of the superego that produces pride or guilt, depending on how well behavior matches or does not match the ego ideal

A

CONSCIENCE

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21
Q

Unconscious distortions of a person’s perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety

A

PSYCHOLOGICAL DEFENSE MECHANISM

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22
Q

The person refuses to acknowledge or recognize a threatening situation

A

DENIAL

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23
Q

The person refuses to consciously remember a threatening or unacceptable event, instead pushing those events into the unconscious mind

A

REPRESSION

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24
Q

The person invents acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior

A

RATIONALIZATION

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25
Q

Unacceptable or threatening impulses or feelings are seen as originating with someone else, usually the target of the impulses or feeling

A

PROJECTION

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26
Q

The person forms an emotional or behavioral reaction opposite to the way he or she really feels in order to keep those true feelings hidden from self and others

A

REACTION FORMATION

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27
Q

Redirecting feelings from a threatening target to a less threatening one

A

DISPLACEMENT

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28
Q

The person falls back on childlike patterns of responding in reaction to stressful situations

A

REGRESSION

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29
Q

The person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety

A

IDENTIFICATION

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30
Q

The person makes up for deficiencies in one area by becoming superior in another area

A

COMPENSATION (SUBSTITUTION)

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31
Q

Channeling socially unacceptable impulses and urges into socially acceptable behavior

A

SUBLIMATION

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32
Q

If the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, it will result in personality traits and behaviors associated with that earlier stage

A

FIXATION

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33
Q

Five stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tied to the sexual development of the child

A

PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES

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34
Q

First stage, occurring in the first year of life, in which the mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is the primary conflict; id dominated

A

ORAL STAGE

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35
Q

Second stage, occurring between about one and three years of age; the anus is the erogenous zone and toilet training is the source of conflict; ego develops

A

ANAL STAGE

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36
Q

A person fixated in the anal stage who is messy, destructive, and hostile

A

ANAL EXPULSIVE PERSONALITY

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37
Q

A person fixated in the anal stage who is neat, fussy, stingy, and stubborn

A

ANAL RETENTIVE PERSONALITY

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38
Q

Third stage, occurring from about three to six years of age; the child discovers sexual feelings; superego develops

A

PHALLIC STAGE

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39
Q

Situation occurring in the phallic stage in which a child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and jealousy of the same-sex parent

A

OEDIPUS COMPLEX

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40
Q

A similar process for girls

A

ELECTRA COMPLEX

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41
Q

Fourth stage occurring during the school years, in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways

A

LATENCY STAGE

42
Q

During and after puberty, sexual feelings reawaken with appropriate targets

A

GENITAL STAGE

43
Q

Followers of Freud who developed their own competing theories of psychoanalysis

A

NEO-FREUDIANS

44
Q

Developed a theory including both a personal and a collective unconscious

A

CARL JUNG

45
Q

Jung’s name for the unconscious mind as described by Freud

A

PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS

46
Q

The memories shared by all members of the human species

A

COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

47
Q

Collective, universal human memories

A

ARCHETYPES

48
Q

Proposed that feelings of inferiority are the driving force behind personality

A

ALFRED ADLER

49
Q

Developed birth order theory

A

ALFRED ADLER

50
Q

Developed a theory based on basic anxiety; rejected the concept of penis envy

A

KAREN HORNEY

51
Q

Anxiety created when a child is born into the bigger and more powerful world of older children and adults

A

BASIC ANXIETY

52
Q

The result of less secure upbringings and paired with maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships

A

NEUROTIC PERSONALITITES

53
Q

Developed a theory based on social rather than sexual relationships, covering the entire life span

A

ERIK ERIKSON

54
Q

Behaviorists define personality as a set of learned responses or habits

A
55
Q

Well-learned response that has become automatic

A

HABIT

56
Q

Social cognitive learning theorists emphasize the importance of:

A

the influences of other people’s behavior
– the influence of a person’s own expectancies on learning

57
Q

Learning theory that includes cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation of models

A

SOCIAL COGNITIVE VIEW

58
Q

Bandura’s explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior

A

RECIPROCAL DETERMINISM

59
Q

An individual’s perception of how effective a behavior will be in any particular circumstance (not the same as self-esteem)

A

SELF-EFFICACY

60
Q

Rotter’s Social Learning Theory

A

LOCUS OF CONTROL
EXPECTANCY

61
Q

The “third force” in psychology

A

HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE

62
Q

Focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such a subjective feelings and freedom of choice

A

HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE

63
Q

The striving to fulfill one’s innate capacities and capabilities

A

SELF-ACTUALIZING TENDENCY

64
Q

The image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in one’s life

A

SELF-CONCEPT

65
Q

Self-archetype that works with the ego to manage other archetypes and balance the personality

A

SELF-CONCEPT

66
Q

One’s perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities

A

REAL SELF

67
Q

One’s perception of whom one should be or would like to be

A

IDEAL SELF-

68
Q

Warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from significant others in one’s life

A

POSITIVE REGARD

69
Q

Positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached

A

UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD

70
Q

Positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish

A

CONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD

71
Q

Positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish

A

CONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD

72
Q

A person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings

A

FULLY FUNCTIONING PERSON

73
Q

Theories that endeavor to describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior

A

TRAIT THEORIES

74
Q

A consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving

A

TRAIT

75
Q

Allport first developed a list of about ____ traits; he believed that these traits were part of the nervous system

A

200

76
Q

____-reduced the number of traits to between sixteen and twenty-three with a computer method called factor analysis

A

CATTELL

77
Q

developed the 16PF test

A

CATTELL

78
Q

Aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person

A

SURFACE TRAITS

79
Q

The more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality

A

SOURCE TRAITS

80
Q

Describes five basic trait dimensions

A

FIVE FACTOR MODEL

81
Q

Willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences

A

OPENNESS

82
Q

The care a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others; dependability

A

CONSCIENTIOUSNESS

83
Q

One’s need to be with other people

A

EXTRAVERSION

84
Q

The emotional style of a person that may range from easygoing, friendly, and likeable to grumpy, crabby, and unpleasant

A

AGREEABLENESS

85
Q

Degree of emotional instability or stability

A

NEUROTICISM

86
Q

The particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed

A

TRAIT SITUATION INTERACTION

87
Q

The study of the relationship between heredity and personality

A

BEHAVIORAL GENETICS

88
Q

How much some trait within a population can be attributed to genetic influences, and the extent individual genetic variation impacts differences in observed
behavior

A

HERITABILITY

89
Q

Personality assessment in which the professional asks questions of the client and allows the client to answer, either in a structured or unstructured fashion

A

INTERVIEW

90
Q

Tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client’s behavior and statements

A

HALO EEFECT

91
Q

Personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind

A

PROJECTIVE TEST

92
Q

Projective test that uses ten inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli

A

RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST

93
Q

Projective test that uses twenty pictures of people in ambiguous situations as the visual stimuli

A

THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST

94
Q

the professional observes the client engaged in ordinary, day-to-day behavior in either a clinical or natural setting

A

DIRECT OBSERVATION

95
Q

a numerical value is assigned to specific behavior that is listed in the scale

A

RATING SCALE

96
Q

assessment in which the frequency of a particular behavior is counted

A

FREQUENCY COUNT

97
Q

Paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific, standardized response from the person taking the test

A

PERSONALITY INVENTORY

98
Q

Based on the five factor model

A

NEO-PI

99
Q

based on Jung’s theory of personality types

A

MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR

100
Q

Designed to detect abnormal behavior or thinking patterns in personality

A

MMPI-2

INTRO TO PSYCHOLOGY (8 decks)

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