Chapter 5 Flashcards
Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice
LEARNING
Russian physiologist (person who studies the workings of the body) who discovered classical
conditioning through his work on digestion in dogs
IVAN PAVLOV
learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response
UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS
Unconditioned means
UNLEARNED or NATURALLY OCCURING
An involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus
UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE
Stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus
CONDITIONED STIMULUS
Conditioned means
LEARNED
Can become a conditioned stimulus when paired with an unconditioned stimulus
NEUTRAL STIMULUS
Repeated pairing of the NS and the UCS; the organism is in the process of acquiring
learning
ACQUISITION
Tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response
STIMULUS GENERALIZATION
Tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is
similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the
unconditioned stimulus.
STIMULUS DISCRIMINATION
Disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning)
EXTINCTION
Reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred
SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY
Strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus. Neutral stimulus becomes a second conditioned stimulus
HIGHER-ORDER CONDITIONING
Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimulI
CONDITIONED EMOTIONAL RESPONSE
Classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person
VICARIOUS CONDITIONING
Development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction
CONDITIONED TASTE AVERSION
The tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning
BIOLOGICAL PREPAREDNESS
Original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together
STIMULUS SUBSTITUTION
Original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred
because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together
Modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned
COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE
The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant
consequences to responses
OPERANT CONDITIONING
If a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated
if a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated
THORNDIKE’S LAW
Gave “operant conditioning” its name
B.F. SKINNER
Any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that
the response will occur again
REINFORCEMENT
Any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch
PRIMARY REINFORCER
Any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch
PRIMARY REINFORCER
Any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars
SECONDARY REINFORCER
The reinforcement of a response by the addition or experience of a pleasurable stimulus
POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
The reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
The reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
A response that is reinforced after some—but not all—correct responses tends to be very resistant to extinction
PARTIAL REINFORCEMENT EFFECT
Reinforcement of each and every correct response
CONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT
Reinforcement of each and every correct response
CONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT
Interval of time that must pass before reinforcement
becomes possible is always the same
FIXED INTERVAL SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT
The interval of time that must pass before
reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event
VARIABLE INTERVAL SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT
Number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same
FIXED RATIO SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT
Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of
responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or even
VARIABLE RATIO SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT
Any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again
PUNISHMENT
The punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus
PUNISHMENT BY APPLICATION
The punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus
PUNISHMENT BY REMOVAL
May cause avoidance of the punisher instead of the behavior being punished
- may encourage lying to avoid punishment
- creates fear and anxiety
SEVERE PUNISHMENT
Reinforcement of simple steps, leading to a desired complex behavior
SHAPING
Small steps, one after another, that lead to a particular goal behavior
SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATION
-Any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement
DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULUS
Occurs if the behavior (response) is not reinforced.
EXTINCTION
(reoccurrence of a once-extinguished response) also happens in operant conditioning
SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY
Tendency for an animal’s behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns
INSTINCTIVE DRIFT
Form of mild punishment by removal in which a misbehaving animal, child, or adult is placed in a special area away from the attention of others
TIME-OUT
Modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response
APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS
Use of feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses such as blood pressure and relaxation under voluntary control
BIOFEEDBACK
Form of biofeedback using devices (EEG, fMRI) to provide feedback about brain
activity in an effort to modify behavior
NEUROFEEDBACK
Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful
LATENT LEARNING
Early cognitive scientist, best-known experiments in learning involved teaching three groups of rats the same maze, one at a time
EDWARD TOLMAN
- the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly
- cannot be gained through trial-and-error learning alone
- “Aha” momenT
INSIGHT by KOHLER
Tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past
LEARNED HELPLESSNESS By Seligman
New way of looking at the entire concept of mental health and therapy that focuses on the adaptive, creative, and psychologically more fulfilling aspects of human experience rather than on mental disorders
POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Llearning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
Learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior
LEARNING/PERFORMANCE DISTINCTION
4 ELEMENTS OF OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
ATTENTION, MEMORY, IMITATION, MOTIVATION
