Chapter 5

Question 1

Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice

Answer 1

LEARNING

Question 2

Russian physiologist (person who studies the workings of the body) who discovered classical
conditioning through his work on digestion in dogs

Answer 2

IVAN PAVLOV

Question 3

learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex.

Answer 3

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Question 4

A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response

Answer 4

UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS

Question 5

Unconditioned means

Answer 5

UNLEARNED or NATURALLY OCCURING

Question 6

An involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus

Answer 6

UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE

Question 7

Stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus

Answer 7

CONDITIONED STIMULUS

Question 8

Conditioned means

Answer 8

LEARNED

Question 9

Can become a conditioned stimulus when paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 9

NEUTRAL STIMULUS

Question 10

Repeated pairing of the NS and the UCS; the organism is in the process of acquiring
learning

Answer 10

ACQUISITION

Question 11

Tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response

Answer 11

STIMULUS GENERALIZATION

Question 12

Tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is
similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the
unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 12

STIMULUS DISCRIMINATION

Question 13

Disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning)

Answer 13

EXTINCTION

Question 14

Reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred

Answer 14

SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY

Question 15

Strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus. Neutral stimulus becomes a second conditioned stimulus

Answer 15

HIGHER-ORDER CONDITIONING

Question 16

Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimulI

Answer 16

CONDITIONED EMOTIONAL RESPONSE

Question 17

Classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person

Answer 17

VICARIOUS CONDITIONING

Question 18

Development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction

Answer 18

CONDITIONED TASTE AVERSION

Question 19

The tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning

Answer 19

BIOLOGICAL PREPAREDNESS

Question 20

Original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together

Answer 20

STIMULUS SUBSTITUTION

Question 21

Original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred
because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together

Question 22

Modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned

Answer 22

COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE

Question 23

The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant
consequences to responses

Answer 23

OPERANT CONDITIONING

Question 24

If a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated
if a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated

Answer 24

THORNDIKE’S LAW

Question 25

Gave “operant conditioning” its name

Answer 25

B.F. SKINNER

Question 26

Any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again

Answer 26

REINFORCEMENT

Question 27

Any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch

Answer 27

PRIMARY REINFORCER

Question 27

Any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch

Answer 27

PRIMARY REINFORCER

Question 28

Any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars

Answer 28

SECONDARY REINFORCER

Question 29

The reinforcement of a response by the addition or experience of a pleasurable stimulus

Answer 29

POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

Question 30

The reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

Answer 30

NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

Question 30

The reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

Answer 30

NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

Question 31

A response that is reinforced after some—but not all—correct responses tends to be very resistant to extinction

Answer 31

PARTIAL REINFORCEMENT EFFECT

Question 32

Reinforcement of each and every correct response

Answer 32

CONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT

Question 33

Reinforcement of each and every correct response

Answer 33

CONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT

Question 34

Interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same

Answer 34

FIXED INTERVAL SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT

Question 35

The interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event

Answer 35

VARIABLE INTERVAL SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT

Question 36

Number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same

Answer 36

FIXED RATIO SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT

Question 37

Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or even

Answer 37

VARIABLE RATIO SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT

Question 38

Any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again

Answer 38

PUNISHMENT

Question 39

The punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus

Answer 39

PUNISHMENT BY APPLICATION

Question 40

The punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus

Answer 40

PUNISHMENT BY REMOVAL

Question 41

May cause avoidance of the punisher instead of the behavior being punished - may encourage lying to avoid punishment - creates fear and anxiety

Answer 41

SEVERE PUNISHMENT

Question 42

Reinforcement of simple steps, leading to a desired complex behavior

Answer 42

SHAPING

Question 43

Small steps, one after another, that lead to a particular goal behavior

Answer 43

SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATION

Question 44

-Any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement

Answer 44

DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULUS

Question 45

Occurs if the behavior (response) is not reinforced.

Answer 45

EXTINCTION

Question 46

(reoccurrence of a once-extinguished response) also happens in operant conditioning

Answer 46

SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY

Question 47

Tendency for an animal’s behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns

Answer 47

INSTINCTIVE DRIFT

Question 48

Form of mild punishment by removal in which a misbehaving animal, child, or adult is placed in a special area away from the attention of others

Answer 48

TIME-OUT

Question 49

Modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response

Answer 49

APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS

Question 50

Use of feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses such as blood pressure and relaxation under voluntary control

Answer 50

BIOFEEDBACK

Question 51

Form of biofeedback using devices (EEG, fMRI) to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior

Answer 51

NEUROFEEDBACK

Question 52

Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful

Answer 52

LATENT LEARNING

Question 53

Early cognitive scientist, best-known experiments in learning involved teaching three groups of rats the same maze, one at a time

Answer 53

EDWARD TOLMAN

Question 54

- the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly - cannot be gained through trial-and-error learning alone - “Aha” momenT

Answer 54

INSIGHT by KOHLER

Question 55

Tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past

Answer 55

LEARNED HELPLESSNESS By Seligman

Question 56

New way of looking at the entire concept of mental health and therapy that focuses on the adaptive, creative, and psychologically more fulfilling aspects of human experience rather than on mental disorders

Answer 56

POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

Question 57

Llearning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior

Answer 57

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

Question 58

Learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior

Answer 58

LEARNING/PERFORMANCE DISTINCTION

Question 59

4 ELEMENTS OF OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

Answer 59

ATTENTION, MEMORY, IMITATION, MOTIVATION