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INTRO TO PSYCHOLOGY > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice

A

LEARNING

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2
Q

Russian physiologist (person who studies the workings of the body) who discovered classical
conditioning through his work on digestion in dogs

A

IVAN PAVLOV

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3
Q

learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex.

A

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

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4
Q

A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response

A

UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS

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5
Q

Unconditioned means

A

UNLEARNED or NATURALLY OCCURING

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6
Q

An involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus

A

UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE

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7
Q

Stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus

A

CONDITIONED STIMULUS

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8
Q

Conditioned means

A

LEARNED

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9
Q

Can become a conditioned stimulus when paired with an unconditioned stimulus

A

NEUTRAL STIMULUS

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10
Q

Repeated pairing of the NS and the UCS; the organism is in the process of acquiring
learning

A

ACQUISITION

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11
Q

Tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response

A

STIMULUS GENERALIZATION

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12
Q

Tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is
similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the
unconditioned stimulus.

A

STIMULUS DISCRIMINATION

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13
Q

Disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning)

A

EXTINCTION

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14
Q

Reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred

A

SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY

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15
Q

Strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus. Neutral stimulus becomes a second conditioned stimulus

A

HIGHER-ORDER CONDITIONING

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16
Q

Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimulI

A

CONDITIONED EMOTIONAL RESPONSE

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17
Q

Classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person

A

VICARIOUS CONDITIONING

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18
Q

Development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction

A

CONDITIONED TASTE AVERSION

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19
Q

The tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning

A

BIOLOGICAL PREPAREDNESS

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20
Q

Original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together

A

STIMULUS SUBSTITUTION

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21
Q

Original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred
because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together

A
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22
Q

Modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned

A

COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE

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23
Q

The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant
consequences to responses

A

OPERANT CONDITIONING

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24
Q

If a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated
if a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated

A

THORNDIKE’S LAW

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25
Q

Gave “operant conditioning” its name

A

B.F. SKINNER

26
Q

Any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that
the response will occur again

A

REINFORCEMENT

27
Q

Any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch

A

PRIMARY REINFORCER

27
Q

Any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch

A

PRIMARY REINFORCER

28
Q

Any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars

A

SECONDARY REINFORCER

29
Q

The reinforcement of a response by the addition or experience of a pleasurable stimulus

A

POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

30
Q

The reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

A

NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

30
Q

The reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

A

NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

31
Q

A response that is reinforced after some—but not all—correct responses tends to be very resistant to extinction

A

PARTIAL REINFORCEMENT EFFECT

32
Q

Reinforcement of each and every correct response

A

CONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT

33
Q

Reinforcement of each and every correct response

A

CONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT

34
Q

Interval of time that must pass before reinforcement
becomes possible is always the same

A

FIXED INTERVAL SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT

35
Q

The interval of time that must pass before
reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event

A

VARIABLE INTERVAL SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT

36
Q

Number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same

A

FIXED RATIO SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT

37
Q

Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of
responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or even

A

VARIABLE RATIO SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT

38
Q

Any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again

A

PUNISHMENT

39
Q

The punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus

A

PUNISHMENT BY APPLICATION

40
Q

The punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus

A

PUNISHMENT BY REMOVAL

41
Q

May cause avoidance of the punisher instead of the behavior being punished
- may encourage lying to avoid punishment
- creates fear and anxiety

A

SEVERE PUNISHMENT

42
Q

Reinforcement of simple steps, leading to a desired complex behavior

A

SHAPING

43
Q

Small steps, one after another, that lead to a particular goal behavior

A

SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATION

44
Q

-Any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement

A

DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULUS

45
Q

Occurs if the behavior (response) is not reinforced.

A

EXTINCTION

46
Q

(reoccurrence of a once-extinguished response) also happens in operant conditioning

A

SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY

47
Q

Tendency for an animal’s behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns

A

INSTINCTIVE DRIFT

48
Q

Form of mild punishment by removal in which a misbehaving animal, child, or adult is placed in a special area away from the attention of others

A

TIME-OUT

49
Q

Modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response

A

APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS

50
Q

Use of feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses such as blood pressure and relaxation under voluntary control

A

BIOFEEDBACK

51
Q

Form of biofeedback using devices (EEG, fMRI) to provide feedback about brain
activity in an effort to modify behavior

A

NEUROFEEDBACK

52
Q

Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful

A

LATENT LEARNING

53
Q

Early cognitive scientist, best-known experiments in learning involved teaching three groups of rats the same maze, one at a time

A

EDWARD TOLMAN

54
Q
  • the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly
  • cannot be gained through trial-and-error learning alone
  • “Aha” momenT
A

INSIGHT by KOHLER

55
Q

Tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past

A

LEARNED HELPLESSNESS By Seligman

56
Q

New way of looking at the entire concept of mental health and therapy that focuses on the adaptive, creative, and psychologically more fulfilling aspects of human experience rather than on mental disorders

A

POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

57
Q

Llearning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior

A

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

58
Q

Learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior

A

LEARNING/PERFORMANCE DISTINCTION

59
Q

4 ELEMENTS OF OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

A

ATTENTION, MEMORY, IMITATION, MOTIVATION

INTRO TO PSYCHOLOGY (8 decks)

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