Chapter 6 Flashcards
The process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met
MOTIVATION
A person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person
EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION
A person performs an action because the act is fun, challenging, or satisfying in an internal manner
INTRINSIC MOTIVATION
The biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals
INSTINCTS
Approach to motivation that assumes people are governed by instincts similar to those of animals
INSTINCT APPROACH
A requirement of some material (such as food or water) that is essential for survival of the organism
NEED
A psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension
DRIVE
A ssumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal
DRIVE-REDUCTION THEORY
2 TYPE OF DRIVES
PRIMARY DRIVES
ACQUIRED (SECONDARY) DRIVES
Involve needs of the body such as hunger and thirst
PRIMARY DRIVES
Learned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval
ACQUIRED (SECONDARY) DRIVES
The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state
HOMEOSTASIS
WHO PRPOSED THE 3 TYPES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS
DAVID MCCLELLAND
3 TYPES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS
NEED FOR ACHIEVEMENT, NEED FOR AFFILIATION, NEED FOR POWER
Involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals not only realistic ones, but also challenging ones
NEED FOR ACHIEVEMENT
The need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others
NEED FOR AFFILIATION
The need to have control or influence over others
NEED FOR POWER
A motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity
STIMULUS MOTIVE
Theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation
AROUSAL THEORY
Law stating performance is related to arousal; moderate levels of arousal lead to better performance than do levels of arousal that are too low or too high
YERKES DODSON LAW
One who needs more arousal than the average person
SENSATION SEEKER
Things that attract or lure people into action
INCENTIVES
Theories of motivation in which behavior is explained as a response to the external stimulus and its rewarding properties
INCENTIVE APPROACHES
The point at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential
SELF-ACTUALIZATION
Times in a person’s life during which self-actualization is temporarily achieved
PEAK EXPERIENCES
The social context of an action has an effect on the type of motivation existing for the action
SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY
Hormones secreted by the pancreas to control levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the bloodstream
Hormones secreted by the pancreas to control levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the bloodstream
INSULIN AND GLUCAGON
Reduces the level of glucose in the bloodstream
INSULIN
Increases the level of glucose in the bloodstream
GLUCAGON
Hormone that signals the hypothalamus that the body has had enough food and reduces the appetite while increasing the feeling of being full
LEPTIN
Part of the brain that plays role in hunger. Responds to levels of glucose and insulin in the body
HYPOTHALAMUS
Part of the brain that plays role in hunger. Responds to levels of glucose and insulin in the body
HYPOTHALAMUS
Part of the brain that plays role in hunger. Responds to levels of glucose and insulin in the body
HYPOTHALAMUS
The particular level of weight that the body tries to maintain
WEIGHT SET POINT
The rate at which the body burns energy when the organism is resting
BASAL METABOLIC RATE (BMR)
The body weight of a person is 20 percent or more over the ideal body weight for that person’s height (actual percent vary across definitions)
OBESITY
The “feeling” aspect of consciousness characterized by:
– certain physical arousal
– certain behavior that reveals the emotion to the outside world
– inner awareness of feelings
EMOTION
Which parts of the brain are involved in various aspects of emotion?
AMYGDALA, other subcortical and cortical areas
Interpreting the subjective feeling by giving it a label
LABELING EMOTION
A stimulus leads to an emotion, which then leads to bodily arousal
COMMON SENSE THEORY
A physiological reaction leads to the labeling of an emotion
JAMES-LANGE THEORY
The physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the same time
CANNON-BARD THEORY
Both the physical arousal and the labeling of that arousal based on cues from the environment must occur before the emotion is experienced
COGNITIVE AROUSAL THEORY
Facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion being expressed, which in turn causes and intensifies the emotion
FACIAL FEEDBACK HYPOTHESIS
a stimulus must be interpreted (appraised) by a person in order to result in a physical response and an emotional reaction
COGNITIVE MEDIATIONAL THEORY
