Chapter 1 Flashcards
The scientific study of the behavior and mental processes
PSYCHOLOGY
PSYCHOLOGY COMES FROM THE GREEK WORDS?
PSYCHE = LIFE
LOGOS = EXPLANATION
Outward or overt actions
and reactions
BEHAVIOR
Internal, covert
activity of our minds
MENTAL PROCESSES
4 GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY
- DESCRIPTION
- EXPLANATION
- PREDICTION
- CONTROL
General explanation of a set of
observations or facts
THEORY
Approach in psychology focused on the structure or basic elements of the mind
STRUCTURALISM
Father of Psychology?
WILHELM WUNDT
What technique does Wundt developed?
OBJECTIVE INSTROPECTION
Where and when is Wundt’s psych lab?
GERMANY, 1879
The process of objectively
examining and measuring one’s thoughts and mental activities
OBJECTIVE INSTROPECTION
Wundt’s student; brought structuralism to America
EDWARD TITCHENER
Structuralism died out in the early _______
1990s
How the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play
FUNCTIONALISM
Functionalism was proposed by?
WILLIAM JAMES
“The whole is greater than the
sum of its parts”
GESTALT
Also called as the “good figure” psychology
GESTALT
Who started Gestalt
WERTHEIMER WHO STUDIED SENSATION AND PERCEPTION
Gestalt ideas is now part of the?
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Field focusing not only on
perception but also on learning, memory, thought processes, and problem solving
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud
PSYCHOANALYSIS
Freud’s patients suffered from _________________ with no apparent physical cause
NERVOUS DISORDERS
Who proposed the existence of an unconscious (unaware) mind into which we push—or repress—our threatening urges and desires
SIGMUND FREUD
Science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only. It must be directly seen and measured
BEHAVIORISM
Who proposed behaviorism?
JOHN B. WATSON
Who conducted Little Albert experiment?
JOHN B. WATSON
Modern version of psychoanalysis
Psychodynamic perspective
Perspective focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of motivations behind a person’s behavior other than sexual
motivations
Psychodynamic perspective
Behavioral perspective was by?
B.F SKINNER
Who studied operant conditioning of voluntary behavior?
B.F SKINNER
This perspective became a major force in the twentieth century
BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVE
Owes far more to the early roots of psychology in the field of philosophy. People have free will: the freedom to choose their own destiny
HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE
Early founders of Humanistic Perspective?
ABRAHAM MASLOW and CARL ROGERS
Emphasizes the human potential, the ability of each person to become the best person he or she could be
HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE
Achieving one’s full potential or
actual self
SELF-ACTUALIZATION
Perspective focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning
COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE
Perspective focuses on the relationship between social
behavior and culture
SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
Attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body, such as genetic influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system
BIOPSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share. Looks at the way the mind works and why it works as it does. Behavior seen as having an adaptive or survival value
EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY
Professional with an academic degree and specialized training in one or more areas of psychology. Can do counseling, teaching, and research; may specialize in any one of a large number of areas within psychology
PSYCHOLOGIST
Doing psychometrics
PSYCHOMETRICIAN
Medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. They can prescribe medication to patients with
psychological disorder
PSYCHIATRIST
System of gathering data so that bias and error in measurement are reduced
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Observation in which watching animals or humans behave in their normal environment
NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION
Tendency of people or animals to behave differently when they know they are being observed
OBSERVER EFFECT
a naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed (to reduce observer effect)
PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
Tendency of observers to see
what they expect to see
OBSERVER BIAS
People who do not know what the research question is (to reduce observer bias)
BLIND OBSERVER
Watching animals or humans behave in a laboratory setting
LABORATORY OBSERVATION
Study of one individual in great detail advantage
CASE STUDY
Researchers ask a series of questions about the topic under study
SURVEY
Randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population of subjects
REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE
The entire group of people or
animals in which the researcher is interested
POPULATION
Measure of the relationship between two variables
CORRELATION
Anything that can change or vary
VARIABLE
A deliberate manipulation of a variable to see whether corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing the determination of cause and-effect relationships
EXPERIMENT
Definition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
The variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
The variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Subjects in an experiment who are subjected to the independent variable
EXPERIMENTAL GROUP
