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INTRO TO PSYCHOLOGY > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death

A

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

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2
Q

Research design in which one participant or group of participants is studied over a long period of time

A

LONGITUDINAL DESIGN

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3
Q

Impact on development when a group of people share common time period or life experience

A

COHORT EFFECT

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4
Q

Research design in which several different age groups of participants are studied at one particular point in time

A

CROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGN

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5
Q

Research design in which participants are first studied by means of a cross-sectional design but also Followed and assessed for a period of no more than six years

A

CROSS-SEQUENTIAL DESIGN

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6
Q

The influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social
interactions

A

NATURE

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7
Q

The influence of the environment on personality, physical growth, intellectual
growth, and social interactions

A

NURTURE

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8
Q

Focuses on nature vs. nurture

A

BEHAVIORAL GENETICS

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9
Q

The science of inherited traits

A

GENETICS

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10
Q

Special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

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11
Q

Section of DNA having a certain pattern of chemical elements

A

GENE

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12
Q

2 TYPES OF GENE

A

DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE

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13
Q

Referring to a gene that actively controls the expression of a trait

A

DOMIINANT

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14
Q

Referring to a gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical gene

A

RECESSIVE

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15
Q

Tightly wound strand of genetic material or DNA

A

CHROMOSOMES

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16
Q

What disorder does include Down syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome, and Turner’s syndrome

A

CHROMOSOMES DISORDER

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17
Q

What disorder include PKU, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Tay-Sachs disease

A

GENETIC DISORDER

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18
Q

the moment at which a female becomes pregnant

A

CONCEPTION

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19
Q

The female sex cell, or egg

A

OVUM

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20
Q

The union of the ovum and sperm

A

FERTILIZATION

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21
Q

Cell resulting from the uniting of the ovum and sperm; divides into many cells, eventually forming the baby

A

ZYGOTE

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22
Q

Identical twins
– formed when one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells, each of which develops into a separate embryo

A

MONOZYGOTIC TWINS

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23
Q

Often called fraternal twins
– occur when two eggs get fertilized by two different sperm, resulting in the development of two zygotes in the uterus at the same time

A

DIZYGOTIC TWINS

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24
Q

PERIODS OF PREGNANCY

A
  1. GERMINAL PERIOD
  2. EMBRYONIC PERIOD
  3. FETAL PERIOD
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25
Is the name for the developing organism from two weeks to eight weeks after fertilization
EMBRYO
26
The period from two to eight weeks after fertilization, during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop
EMBRYONIC PERIOD
27
Times during which certain environmental influences can have an impact on the development of the infant
CRITICAL PERIOD
28
Any factor that can cause a birth defect
TERATOGEN
29
The time from about eight weeks after conception until the birth of the child
FETAL PERIOD
30
Name for the developing organism from eight weeks after fertilization to the birth of the baby
FETUS
31
The point at which it is possible for an infant to survive outside the womb, usually about 22-26 weeks
VIABILITY
32
Infants are born with reflexes that help them survive
- GRASPING - MORO (STARTLE) - STEPPING - ROOTING - SUCKING
33
Unused synaptic connections and nerve cells are cleared away to make way for functioning connections and cells
SYNAPTIC PRUNING
34
The development of thinking, problem solving, and memory
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
35
Developed a four-stage theory of cognitive development based on observation of infants and children
JEAN PIAGET
36
Mental concepts formed by children as they experience new situations and events
SCHEMES
37
Jean Piaget's four-stage theory of cognitive development
1. SENSORIMOTOR STAGE 2. PREOPERATIONAL STAGE 3. CONCRETE OPERATIONS STAGE 4. FORMAL OPERATIONS STAGE
38
Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development, in which the infant uses its senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment
SENSORIMOTOR STAGE
39
The knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight
OBJECT PERMANENCE
40
Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, in which the preschool child learns to use language as a means of exploring the world
PREOPERATIONAL STAGE
41
The inability to see the world through anyone else’s eyes
EGOCENTRISM
42
in Piaget’s theory, the tendency of a young child to focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features
CENTRATION
43
In Piaget’s theory, the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object’s nature
CONSERVATION
44
In Piaget’s theory, the inability of the young child to mentally reverse an action
IRREVERSIBILITY
45
Third stage of cognitive development, in which the school-aged child becomes capable of logical thought processes but is not yet capable of abstract thinking
CONCRETE OPERATIONS STAGE
46
Third stage of cognitive development, in which the school-aged child becomes capable of logical thought processes but is not yet capable of abstract thinking
47
Piaget’s last stage of cognitive development, in which the adolescent becomes capable of abstract thinking
FORMAL OPERATIONS STAGE
48
VYGOTSKY'S THEORY
SCAFFOLDING AND ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT
49
Process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner, then reduces the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable
SCAFFOLDING
50
The difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher
ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT (ZPD)
51
Vygotsky viewed this as a way for a child to “think out loud” and advance cognitively
PRIVATE SPEECH
52
Children attend to higher-pitched, repetitious, sing-song speech
CHILD-DIRECTED SPEECH
53
STAGES OF LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
1. COOING 2. BABBLING 3. ONE-WORD SPEECH 4. TELEGRAPHIC SPEECH 5. WHOLE SENTENCE
54
Behavioral characteristics that are fairly well established at birth
TEMPERAMENT
55
TYPES OF TEMPERAMENT
EASY, DIFFICULT, SOW TO WARM UP TO
55
TYPES OF TEMPERAMENT
EASY, DIFFICULT, SOW TO WARM UP TO
56
The emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver
ATTACHMENT
57
TYPES OF ATTACHMENT
SECURE, AVOIDANT, AMBIVALENT, DISORGANIZED-DISORIENTED
58
Willing to explore; upset when mother departs, but easily soothed upon her return
SECURE
59
Unattached; explores without “touching base”
AVOIDANT
60
Insecurely attached; upset when mother leaves and then angry with mother upon her return
AMBIVALENT
61
Insecurely attached and sometimes abused or neglected; child seems fearful, dazed, and depressed
DISORGANIZED-DISORIENTED
62
ERIKSON'S FIRST FOUR STAGES OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
1. TRUST VS. MISTRUS 2. AUTONOMY VS. SHAME AND DOUBT 3. INITIATIVE VS. GUILT 4. INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY
63
First stage of personality development – the infant’s basic sense of develops as a result of consistent or inconsistent care
TRUST VS. MISTRUST
64
Second stage of personality development – the toddler strives for physical independence
AUTONOMY VS. SHAME AND DOUBT
65
Third stage of personality development – the preschool-aged child strives for emotional and psychological independence and attempts to satisfy curiosity about the world
INITIATIVE VS. GUILT
66
Fourth stage of personality development – the adolescent strives for a sense of competence and self-esteem
INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY
67
The period of life from about age thirteen to the early twenties, during which a young person is no longer physically a child but is not yet an independent, self-supporting adult
ADOLESCENCE
68
The physical changes that occur in the body as sexual development reaches its peak
PUBERTY
68
The physical changes that occur in the body as sexual development reaches its peak
69
Young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm
PERSONAL FABLE
70
Young people believe that other people are just as concerned about the adolescent’s thoughts and characteristics as they themselves are
IMAGINARY AUDIENCE
71
KOHLBERG'S LEVEL OF MORALITY
-PRECONVENTIONAL MORALITY -CONVENTIONAL MORALITY -POSTCONVENTIONAL MORALITY
72
Behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior
PRECONVENTIONAL MORALITY
73
Behavior is governed by conforming to society’s norms of behavior
CONVENTIONAL MORALITY -
74
Behavior is governed by moral principles that have been decided on by the individual
POSTCONVENTIONAL MORALITY
75
Fifth stage of personality development – the adolescent must find a consistent sense of self
IDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION
76
Women experience a physical decline in the reproductive system called the ________
CLIMACTERIC
77
Ends at about age fifty with ___________: the cessation of ovulation and menstrual cycles and the end of a woman’s reproductive capability
MENOPAUSE
78
Gradual changes in the sexual hormones and reproductive system of males
ANDROPAUSE
79
LAST THREE STAGES OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
- INTIMACY VS ISOLATION - GENERATIVITY VS STAGNATION - EGO INTEGRITY VS DESPAIR
80
An emotional and psychological closeness that is based on the ability to trust, share, and care, while still maintaining a sense of self
INTIMACY VS ISOLATION
81
Providing guidance to one’s children or the next generation, or contributing to the well-being of the next generation through career or volunteering
GENERATIVITY VS STAGNATION
82
Sense of wholeness that comes from having lived a full life and the ability to let go of regrets; the final completion of the ego
EGO INTEGRITY VS DESPAIR
83
Theory of aging based on the idea that cells only have so many times that they can reproduce – once that limit is reached, damaged cells begin to accumulate
CELLULAR CLOCK THEORY
84
Theory of aging as time goes by, repeated use and abuse of the body’s tissues cause it to be unable to repair all the damage
WEAR-AND-TEAR-THEORY
85
Theory of aging Oxygen molecules with an unstable electron move around the cell, damaging cell structures as they go
FREE RADICAL THEORY
86
Theory of adjustment to aging that assumes older people are happier if they remain active in some way, such as volunteering or developing a hobby
ACTIVITY THEORY
87
STAGES OF DEATH AND DYING
- DENIAL - ANGER - BARGAINING - DEPRESSION - ACCEPTANCE

INTRO TO PSYCHOLOGY (8 decks)

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